Head & Neck Cancer: Current Perspectives, Advances, and Challenges

1064 Pages·2013·25.04 MB·English

by  James A. Radosevich (eds.), James A. Radosevich Ph.D. (auth.)

James A. Radosevich Editor
Head & Neck
Cancer: Current
Perspectives,
Advances,
and Challenges
H ead & Neck Cancer: Current Perspectives,
Advances, and Challenges
J ames A. R adosevich
E ditor
H ead & Neck Cancer:
Current Perspectives,
Advances, and Challenges
E ditor
J ames A. R adosevich, Ph.D.
University of Illinois
C hicago, IL, U SA
I SBN 978-94-007-5826-1 I SBN 978-94-007-5827-8 (eBook)
D OI 10.1007/978-94-007-5827-8
S pringer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London
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C ontents
1 Overview of “Head & Neck Cancer: Current Perspectives,
Advances, and Challenges” .................................................................... 1
J ames A . R adosevich
2 A Disease Without History? Evidence for the Antiquity
of Head and Neck Cancers ..................................................................... 5
W illiam J . P estle and M ichael C olvard
3 Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology and Health
Services Research .................................................................................... 37
L inda M . K aste, T herese A . D olecek, and A thanasios I . Z avras
4 Challenges in Community-Based Head and Neck Cancer
Prevention Programs .............................................................................. 73
C harles W . L eHew
5 Head and Neck Anatomy ........................................................................ 87
M aaly B assiony
6 Screening and Patient Examination ...................................................... 131
A ntonia K olokythas and T homas S chlieve
7 Benign Neoplasms of the Head and Neck ............................................. 151
S ara C . G ordon and S arah G . F itzpatrick
8 Benign Non-neoplastic Lesions of the Head and Neck ........................ 199
S arah G . F itzpatrick and S ara C . G ordon
9 Pathology of Head and Neck Cancer I: Epithelial
and Related Tumors ................................................................................ 257
G . K enneth H aines I II
1 0 Pathology of Head and Neck Cancer II: Mesenchymal
and Lymphoid Tumors ........................................................................... 289
G . K enneth H aines I II
v
vi Contents
1 1 Cytopathology of Head and Neck Lesions ............................................ 313
G abor T arjan
1 2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head & Neck and Cervix:
Overlap and Distinctions ........................................................................ 355
G . K enneth H aines I II
1 3 Viruses and Head and Neck Cancer ...................................................... 377
W illiam A. P aradise, D ena J . F ischer, J oel B . E pstein,
and J ames A . R adosevich
1 4 Head and Neck Carcinogenesis a Product of Complex
Evolutionary Forces ................................................................................ 401
J oel S chwartz
1 5 Nutrition and Head and Neck Cancer .................................................. 459
M anju S arangapani, A mi P atel, L inda M . K aste,
and T herese A . D olecek
1 6 Treatment Planning Considerations ...................................................... 471
A llen S. H o and M ike Y ao
1 7 Medical Oncology: Planning Considerations and Practices ............... 495
L awrence E . F eldman
1 8 Role of Surgery in Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer .................... 509
J oshua D . W altonen
1 9 Diagnostic Imaging Considerations....................................................... 563
M aaly B assiony, B ulent A ydogan, and J ames A . R adosevich
2 0 Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Cancers ............................................ 607
B ulent A ydogan
2 1 Laser Treatment for Head and Neck Cancer ....................................... 621
H . S teven S ims and T ara B rennan
2 2 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT): An Evolving Therapeutic
Technique in Head and Neck Cancer Treatment ................................. 649
B enjamin J . V esper and M ichael D . Colvard
2 3 The Changing Face of Maxillofacial Prosthodontics ........................... 677
J effrey E . R ubenstein
2 4 Complications from Surgical Treatment of Oral Cancer .................... 721
T homas S chlieve and A ntonia K olokythas
2 5 Psychological Issues in Head and Neck Cancer ................................... 751
R ebecca A . S tout, N ancy J . B eckman, S arah R . S helby,
and S usan M . L abott
Contents vii
2 6 Quality of Life Issues in Research and Clinical Practice .................... 801
E ileen D anaher Hacker a nd Carol Ferrans
2 7 Cancer Drugs, Clinical Trials, and Regulatory Agencies .................... 835
E mma A. P latt
2 8 Drugs to Treat Head and Neck Cancers: Mechanisms of Action ....... 861
S onali K urup, K irk E . D ineley, L atha M . M alaiyandi,
R uth A dewuya, and L awrence A . P otempa
2 9 Biological Treatments (Antibodies) ....................................................... 915
W illiam A . Paradise and J ames A . R adosevich
3 0 Role of Mitochondria in Head and Neck Cancer ................................. 949
H umberto D e V itto and A ntonio G alina
3 1 Genetic Susceptibility to Head and Neck Cancer ................................ 977
A thanasios I . Z avras and A ngela J . Y oon
3 2 Biomarkers for Head and Neck Cancer ................................................ 1003
D avid C rowe
3 3 The Role of MicroRNA in Head and Neck Cancer .............................. 1019
I shrat M ahjabeen, Y i J in, D an C hen, A nxun W ang,
A ntonia K olokythas, and X iaofeng Z hou
3 4 Detection of Oral Cancer Using Salivary Diagnostics ......................... 1049
C hang S hun L au and D avid T .W . W ong
Index ................................................................................................................. 1063
C hapter 1
O verview of “Head & Neck Cancer: Current
Perspectives, Advances, and Challenges”
J ames A . R adosevich
Content
1.1 I ntroduction ......................................................................................................................... 2
A bstract C ancers arising in the Head & Neck region are a complex group of
diseases which require equally complex approaches to diagnose and treat. There
is a common misconception that these are self infl i cted cancers due to life style
choices such as the use/abuse of alcohol and tobacco products. This volume is
intended to help educate the reader about the many facets of these diseases and to
provide a broad overview of this discipline. While this volume is written such that
it can be understood by readers of all levels of education, it still has the content
and details that professionals seek in order to stay abreast of this changing fi e ld.
It should be refreshing to readers to fi n d a volume like this one which explains in
great detail many aspects of cancer biology and treatment methodologies, many
of which can be applied to cancers arising throughout the body, in a way that is
easily understood. In a similar fashion, readers should walk away with a sense of
having their preconceived notions of Head & Neck cancer permanently changed,
based on the data presented, along with thought provoking concepts that can be
applied outside the fi e ld of Head & Neck cancer.
K eywords H ead • N eck cancer
J .A . R adosevich, P h.D. (*)
D epartment of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry,
U niversity of Illinois at Chicago, 8 01 South Paulina, C hicago, I L 6 0625, U SA
e-mail: j
2 J.A. Radosevich
1 .1 I ntroduction
T his volume starts out with a chapter exploring the evidence for Head & Neck cancer
existing well before commercial tobacco and alcohol, (two of the longest linked
causative agents to these diseases), were available. In some cases, both considerable
temporal and geographical separation existed for these two causative agents, yet
there is evidence in the records for patients presenting with Head & Neck cancer
back to antiquity. We then explore the current modern state of the frequency and
distribution of these diseases in various patient populations. It is important to under-
stand who gets these diseases so that we can target screening and prevention
programs, which is the next topic to be discussed.
W e then take a step back to explore the human anatomy of the head and neck
region, and address the pertinent anatomical sites as they are grouped in segments
that are important to the treatment and diagnosis of these diseases. This chapter lays
the foundation, for locating the exact anatomical structures in which these tumors
arise, and is applicable for all of the remaining chapters. The fi r st application of
the anatomical review is presented in the next chapter, which outlines how to per-
form a proper patient examination to determine if a patient has Head & Neck
cancer.
S ome patients that are screened do present with abnormalities. In the subsequent
chapters, we learn that not every nodule and abnormality is Head & Neck cancer,
how to differentiate what they could be, and the follow-up actions that need to take
place. We then explore the pathological presentations of the spectrum of disease
states that are related to Head & Neck cancer. These need to be understood in order
to make the proper diagnosis of lesions that are in fact cancerous. Two chapters are
directed at delving into the pathology of the most common type of Head & Neck
cancer, followed by a chapter on rarer tumors. We then address how a special branch
of pathology, cytopathology, connects with screening efforts, and initial diagnosis
of Head & Neck cancers, along with its link to traditional pathology.
U sing the pathological background that is presented, we use that background to
start to explore the link between Head & Neck cancers and cervical cancer. One
may wonder why this is important and/or relevant in a book focused on Head &
Neck cancer, but the answer is simple and not realized by many outside the fi e ld.
Cancers arising in these two sites share considerable overlap in their biology,
pathology, viral associations, and many other connections, such that there is a
growing body of scientifi c literature that uses them interchangeably and/or simul-
taneously in the same scientifi c manuscript. Discoveries at all levels from basic
research to diagnosis and treatment, readily fl o w from one cancer site to the other.
It is ironic, that in light of these strong overlapping similarities of the cancers aris-
ing in these two anatomical regions, that funding agencies resist funding research
projects that are not dedicated to their particular anatomical region. We learn from
this chapter that policy makers, researchers, and funding agencies would benefi t
patients presenting with these tumors, keeping in mind that an advance made for
one disease site is an advance made for the other.