HDR - Afghanistan 2004 -Security with a Human Face

316 Pages·2004·5.62 MB·English

AFGHANISTAN
NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2004
Security with a Human Face:
Challenges and Responsibilities
U N
D P
Afghanistan Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
©United Nations Development Programme 2004
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of UNDP.
The analysis and policy recommendations of this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the UNDP nor those of the
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
The report is a publication commissioned by UNDP and authored by an independent team.
Cover designed by the Afghan artist Sharif Ahmad Haidari, from Herat, winner of the UNDP competition for the National
Human Development Report cover.
Design and Printing: Army Press, Plot # 1, Street 40, I & T Center, G-10/4, Islamabad, Pakistan
The Preparatory Team
National Coordinator of the Project Background Paper AuthorsMohammad Najeeb Azizi, Homira Nassery, Daud S.Saba, Lutfullah Safi, Naqibullah Safi, Said Mubin
Abdullah Mojaddedi Shah and Nasrullah Stanikzai
Thematic Paper Authors
Editor-in-Chief
Abdul Baqi Banwal, Ramazan Bashar Dost, NancyDupree, Abdul Rashid Fakhri, Abdullah Haqaiqi, MirAhmad Joyenda, Partaw Nadiri, Ahmad Zia Neikbin,Daud Rawish, Asadullah Walwalji and Seddiq Weera
Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh
Statistician
Principal Authors
R. N. Pandey
Daud S. Saba and Omar Zakhilwal
Data Analyst
Contributing Authors Haqiq Rahmani
Abi Masefield and Michael Schoiswohl
Administrative and Research Assistant
National Advisory PanelMinister Haneef Atmar (Chair)S, Aadbedqu Wl Baarqdia kBanwal,Abdul Rashid Fakhri, Hafizullah Haddad, Abdullah
Haqaiqi, Helena Malikyar, Nilab Mobarez, Daud Research Assistants
Rawish, Safia Siddiqi and Asadullah Walwalji Abdul Latif Bari and Khial M. Sahebi
International Expert Committee UNDP Focal Points
Fakhruddin Azizi and Michael Schoiswohl
Katarina Ammitzboell, Nancy Hatch Dupree, Carol
le-Duc, Ishaq Nadiri, Omar Noman, Barnett Rubin
and Andrew Wilder

Foreword
Afghanistan has come a long way sinceDecdemevbeelr o2p0m01e nwth, ena sth ea Tnr aanlstiteironnaaltIisvlaemdeivc eSlotaptme eonft Apfagrahdaingimsta tnh acta meme pihnatoseizxeisspteenocpele. Tash eb oGtho vtheern amgeenntts h oafs cmhaonvgeed taonwdaorbdjse ccotnss oolifd adtienvge iltso ppomweenrt, ,b riisn ghiniggshelcyuarpitpyr oapnrdia tnea ftoior npaols tu-cnoitnyf.l iTcto Adafgyh, awnieshtaanv.eW ait hn etwhe C coonusntittruyt inoonw, h eanvge amgeadd eipnr oagtrraensssi tiino no furro mst arteeli-ebfu tiol ddienvge laocptmiveintite, sfaronmd ehmaveerg iemnpcyro pvreodje ocutsr taob siulisttya itnoa pbrleo vpiodleicgioeso,dfr ogmov sehronratn-tceerm. F coorn tthineg efinrcsyt tpilmanen iinnhgi tsotlooryn,g -Atefgrhma nipstearns pheacst iavne se,l echteudmPraensdideevnetl.o Tphme eencto ncoanm yb eh aasn piidcekaeld f urapm anedwsoor kfhoar sth et hdeev erleopcmonenstt rvuisciotino onf Aoffg htahniesitnafnr.aIs tarmuc touprtei.m Siisntcice 2th0a0t2 t,h we ep hreapvae rsaeteionna roefcNoHrdD hRigs hi ns cAhfogohl aennirsotalmn ewnitl lo hf ealbpo uust4 v emtdiiflfleiroennt psotluicdye onpttsi,o nsa nandd dseesvigenr ableatctecropmeopplilseh-omrieennttse din p tohleic iheesa altnhd spercotgorra,pmarst.icularly in the vaccination campaigns.As the high levels of voting in thePresidential elections attested, the Afghanpeople now have high expectations for thenew Government to deliver on securityand reconstruction, and to do it on thebasis of the rule of law and a commitmentto transparency and accountability.Afghanistan has once again restored itsstatus in the international community,which in turn has reaffirmed its supportfor the reconstruction efforts throughgenerous pledges committed at the donorConference in Berlin. We now lookforward to the preparation for theParliamentary elections in April 2005.
The Government recognizes the challengesaheaTdh,e ipnrcelpuadriantgio nth oofs et hoef fiprrsot vNidHinDgRse icnuAriftgyh aanndi satat nth een sjaomyeed t ismtroe nlgiv Geloihvoeorndmsfeonr tsaulpl pAorftg, shiannces .w Ce uberblieinvge inc oitrsr cuopnttiroibnu,btiroinngtoin cgu rrerceonnts etrfufcotritosn tgoa idnesv teol oalpl rae gcioohnesorefn tAdefvgehlaonpimsteannt, stdrraatewgiyn gfo ri nth ef ourpecigonmininvgeysetmaresn bta isne da osenc ruerleia ibnlve odlavteam anendt o, bajnedcotipveenaninalgy suisp. the political process toparticipation remain the top priorities ofthe new Government. As the country nowturns a new leaf, our ambition is to givehope to each and every Afghan.
At this crucial juncture in our history, Iam vAesr yw apsl eeaxspeedc ttehda,t t hthee r efpirosrtt Nhaast ipoaniantleHdu amgalono Dmeyv eploicptmureen to Rf etphoer ts t(aNtuHsD oRf )h oufmAafgnhdaenviestlaonp hmaes nbte einn ptrheep acreodu nfotrr yth ae fyteear r2tw00o4d ewciatdhe tsh eo fr ewleavra natn tdh edmees toruf chtuiomna.n TsehceuHruimtya.n TDhevee locpomncenetp Itn doefx (hHuDmI)a vnaluecalculated nationally puts Afghanistan atthe dismal ranking of 173 out of 178countries worldwide. Yet the HDI alsopresents us with a benchmark againstwhich progress can be measured in thefuture.
The Government of Afghanistan may notagree with all the contents of this NHDR,which has been prepared by a team ofindependent authors, but we are confidentthat the recommendations and conclusionsof the report will contribute to themultiplicity of debates for shaping thefuture of Afghanistan.
Hamid Karzai
President of the Islamic
Republic of Afghanistan
FOREWORD V
Preface
It is my pleasure to introduce the firstNHDhuRm faonr Arigfghhtsa naibsutasens. ,S biuntc ea l1so9 9t0h,e tahbeiUlintyitoefd t hNea Atiofgnhsa Dn epveeolpolpem toe natc cPersosg braamsicm nee(eUdNs(DedPu)c ahtiaosn ,p hreoadltuhc, efdo oadn, nshueallte rg,l ionbcaolmHeusm,laivne Dliehvoeolodpsm, eentct .R) eapnordt s satsr aatneaglyicti cnaleaendds (ppoalritcicyi ptoatoiolsn ,d deisgigninteyd, e tmo pporwomeromtee ntth, eectco.n).cTehpte o rfe hpuomrt aanr gduevese ltohpamt ewnht.i lEea mcha yneya rg,athinesshea vree bpeoernt sm acdael cinu ltahtee p atshte t wHo uymeaarns,D theevceoloupnmtreyn ct oInudlde xs tainlld f raalnl kin atboo au tc 1y7c5lep aorftcicoinpfalitcitn agn dc oinusnttarbieilsit;y u unnfloerstsu tnhaet geleyn,uAinfgehgarineivsatannc ehsa so fn opte obpeelen –in tchleu dleadck s ionfc ejo1b9s9,6h edaulet hto, theed uuncaavtiaoilna,b iliintyc oomf dea,t ad. Wigneaitrye ,eospppeocritaulnlyit iperso fuodr tphairst iyceipaar ttioo nb, ee tacb. l–et oar epdueta lAt wfgihtha nadisetqauna tbealyc.k T ihne rtehpeo grtl oanbaallyrsaenskthineg l, owcahli crho oatsss eosfs ienss epcrougrirteys sto mdaayd,e taonwdmaradkse st hree cwomelml-ebnedinatgio onfs faolrl ppoeloicpilees. andactions required from the new AfghanGovernment, civil society and theinternational community.
Since 1992, UNDP has also sponsoredNHDThRiss fpirrsetp NarHeDd Ra sf owr eAlflg ahsa noiwstanne dp rboyviidnedsetphernedee ontu nt aotifo fnoaul rte hamums.a Sno dfearv,e mlooprmetheannti n4d7i9c ensa:t itohnea lH aunmd asunb D-neavtieolnoaplm reepnot rItnshdaevxe(H bDeeIn), ptrhoed uGceendd beyr 1D3e5v eclooupnmtreienst, Iinnaddexd(iGtiDoIn) antdo th2e 4H urmeagni Poonvaelr tyr Ienpdoexr t(sH.APIf)g.Ahatn tihsitsa nst’asg feir, stth Ne HHDDIR, ,G cDomI amnids sHioPnIe cdobuyl dUoNnlDyP b beu ct aclocmulpaitleedd bayt tahne i nndaetipoennadle nletvteealm,g iovf eanut htohrsa, tj oisntsa tthiisst fiacms ilyo nin 2i0n0c4o.medisaggregated by district or even provincewere not available. I am confident that anexpanding and increasingly reliable poolof data will allow subsequent NHDR teamsto prepare more thorough analyses in thenext few years.
After 23 years of war, Afghanistan hasnowW einthte trheids raep poertr,i UodN DofP sitsa ablisloiz laatuinocnhciongnad luocnigv-tee rmt oc omthmeit mdenets itog nsu paponrdti mthpeplermodenutcattiioonn ooff ab niaewnn dueavl elNopHmDeRnstv iisnioAnf.g Ahasn tihstea nn.e wTh Gesoev werinllm ceonntt rsiebtust eo utott oth deecvailsceu lloantgio-tner mo,f supsrtoaignraebsles pionli chieusm,thaen fdiersvte NloHpmDeRn tf oinr dAicfagthoarns.i sWtahni lper othpeo cseusrarenn tarmepboitrito upsr evsiesinotns: ap ubttrionagd a lol vAefrgvhieawnp eoofpnluem eqeuroalulys aitn ttheerl fionrkeefrdo ncth oafl laelnl gneews pfoolriAcifegsh, abnoitshta ans t othdea ye,n fdust uarned e dthitei omnse awnislol bf eddeevmootecdr atcoy paanrdti cudleavre ltooppmicesn. t.Therecommendations in this NHDR are broad;subsequent in-depth studies will evaluateconcrete policy options.
The report uses a human security lens tolook at the linkages between safety, dignityand livelihoods. For too long, the problemsof Afghanistan were seen as being theresult of a political conflict that requiredmilitary solutions. The NHDR expandsthe notion of “security” in Afghanistan tocover not only freedom from violence and
VI PREFACE
The preparation of this report laid thefounedspateicoinasll yf ogrr aetxetfeunls ifvoer tshhea rsiunpgp oorfitn ofofMrminaitsitoenr oafn dF inadanvcoec aAcsyh roanf Ghuhmanain, daenvdMeloinpimsteenr to fth Rrouurgalh Rterahianbiinligtsa,t iothne caonmdDmeivsseiloonpimnge notf Hstaundeieefs , Aletmctuarr,e sa ahnudmnaatniodenvweildoep mcoennts uchltaamtiopniosn. .It also led tocapacity building for the systematiccollection, verification and analysis of datato produce the HDI. The NHDR teammade every effort to carry out a nationalprocess under the guidance of a NationalAdvisory Panel. Workshops, consultationsand dialogues were held with Afghans inKabul and four other provinces regardingthe theme, the process and the findings ofthe report.
A large team of national and internationalexpeIr thso cpoen ttrhiabtu ttehdis t oa ntdh ef uptrueprea rNatHioDn Rosft hfoisr ANfHgDhaRn,i satnadn Iw aimll bgeractoemfuel ifmorp aolrlt athneti troeofflosrftosr, atsh we epllr aosm foort itohen soupf ppoerto pprloev-icdeendtbrye dtahpep rToarcahnessi ttioo npoalli cIys lmamakiicn gS. tIa atels oo hfAopfgethhaant tihseta innf odrumraitniogn aolflf esretadg heesre. wI ilal mproveuseful for the planning and programmingpurposes of the new Government, as wellas for those national and internationalorganizations working on behalf of theAfghan people.
Ercan Murat
Country Director
UNDP Afghanistan
PREFACE VII
Preface from the NHDR Team
Based on the recommendations of theNHDR CPoarnpeolr,a tteh Peo lIicnyte, rthnea tpiroenpaarla tEioxnpoef rtthCeo mfirmsti tNteHe, DURN DfoPr sAtaffgfh aanndi s“tFarni ewndassoinfi ttihaete Nd HbyD tRhe” G. overnment of Afghanistanand UNDP in line with the principles ofnational ownership, objectivity andindependence in April 2003. The NHDRproduction team made every effort toinvolve Afghans in the identification ofproblems and solutions for the country.Preparation included five stages during ayear and a half of activities:
• Stage 1 included capacity building • Stage 5 covered the preparation for
through two trainings, three seminarsand fourt hthee mdiastsice mleicntuarteios nin oKf atbhuel, arnedp ofrotu,irn cwluodriknsgh tohep sc reinat iJoanl aolfa pbraedss,B kaitms aynadna, Bcoalmkhm aunndic Hateiroant. sTtrhaitse sgtya gienavlosolv iinnvgoalv endu mtheb ecrre aotfio nw oofr ak sNhaotiposn awlAitdhv itshoermy ePdainae. lS aennds iatinz iInngt errenparteisoennatlaEtixvpees rotf tCheo mmmeditiate teh,r ocuognhs uilntvaittiionngs tthhreomu gtho wwoorkrkshshoopsp sa nwdi pthre tshs ec omnefedriean,acneds tpoaorkalplelal cseta ttihsrtoicuagl hcoapuat ctihtye bNuHildDinRg pwriotche sths.e Central Statistical Office(CSO) of Afghanistan.
• Stage 2 consisted of commissioning The Human Development Resource
seven sectoral background papers and18 tOheffmicaetic papers from nationalresearchers. Consultations were alsoheld in Kabul and in some regions toprepare boxes for the report onpeople’s views about theirdevelopment and security needs.
• Stage 3 saw the compilation of the The nerve centre of the production of theNHDR for Afghanistan was the HumanDevelopment Resource Office, headed byNational Coordinator Abdullah Mojaddedi,and staffed by an administrative andresearch officer, an internationalstatistician, a data analyst and a translator.The office was supported by UNDP inAfghanistan, especially by CountryDirector Ercan Murat, and NHDR focalpoints Fakhruddin Azizi and MichaelSchoiswohl.
findings into the various chapters bythe national and contributing authorsunder the guidance of the editor-in-chief.
Under the management of Mr. Mojaddedi,the resource centre was equipped withcomputers connected to the Internet, aphotocopier, a library of books andresources on human development, and ameeting room. It was located first in theoffices of the UNDP ProgrammeImplementation Unit, and then movedwithin the compound of the AfghanistanInformation Management Service (AIMS)Office in Kabul.
• Stage 4 involved consultation on the
The Human Development Resource Officeworked in close cooperation withgovernmental agencies, research andacademic institutions, and internationalagencies involved in gathering data andresearch. It also organized NHDR seminars
final draft with national andinternational advisors. Two rounds ofpeer review on the summary and draftchapters solicited written and oralcomments from key ministers of theGovernment, the National Advisory
The Human
Development Reports
of Afghanistan should
be an instrument for
accountability. They
should be used by the
people of Afghanistan
to monitor how we
have performed with
regard to their needs
and aspirations.
Haneef Atmar, Minister of Rural
Rehabilitation and Development,
a human development champion
VIII PREFACE FROM THE NHDR TEAM
and human development lectures on aregu•lar bEansivs.ironment: Daud S. Saba,
independent researcher, writer andformer lecturer at the KabulPolytechnic University.
The Authors
• Education: Lutfullah Safi, Education
The NHDR involved a large number ofauthors, contributors and background paperwriters. These included:
Coordinator, UNESCO.
Editor-in-chief:
• Health: Naqibullah Safi, Senior
• Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh: Adjunct Advisor, Primary HealthCare/Preventive Affairs to the Ministryof Health.
Lecturer, Columbia University; GuestProfessor, Institut d’Etudes Politiques(Sciences-Po), Paris; and formerNHDR Policy Advisor, HumanDevelopment Report Office, UNDPNew York.
• Economy: Said Mubin Shah,
Authors: economist, Da Afghanistan Bank.
• Daud S. Saba: independent researcher, • Governance: Nasrullah Stanikzai,
writer and former lecturer at the KabulPolytechDniicr eUcntiovre,r sitFyo. reign Relations,President’s Secretariat; and Lecturerat the Faculty of Law and PoliticalScience, Kabul University.
• Omar Zakhilwal: Senior Advisor to Thematic papers authors:
the Minister, Ministry of RuralRehabilitation and Development; andProfessor of Development Economics,Kabul University.
• Abdul Baqi Banwal: Lecturer of
Contributing authors: Economics, Kabul University; andProject Coordinator, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.
• Abi Masefield: poverty specialist, • Ramazan Bashar Dost: Minister of
consultant and former advisor to theMinistryP olafn Rnuinrga.l Rehabilitation andDevelopment in Kabul.
• Michael Schoiswohl: lawyer, UNDP • Nancy Dupree: Senior consultant,
ACBAR Research and InformationCenter (ARIC) and the AgencyCoordinating Body for Afghan Relief(ACBAR).
Programme Officer, Kabul.
• Abdul Rashid Fakhri: Director of
The NHDR office commissioned sevensectoral background papers and 18 briefthematic papers or theoretical think-pieces.
Demography, Central Statistics Office.
Background papers authors:
• Abdullah Haqaiqi: Professor of
• Poverty: Mohammad Najeeb Azizi, Economics, Kabul University.
former macroeconomist, Ministry ofFinance.
• Mir Ahmad Joyenda: Deputy Director
• Gender: Homira Nassery, Advisor to for Communication and Advocacy,Afghanistan Research and EvaluationUnit (AREU).
Senior Women in Management,UNDP and the Ministry of RuralRehabilitation and Development.
• Partaw Nadiri: Media Manager,
Afghan Civil Society Forum.
• Ahmad Zia Neikbin: Head of the
Department of Philosophy andSociology, Kabul University.
PREFACE FROM THE NHDR TEAM IX