HB-WCXXWS Field Artillery Cannon Systems and Ammunition 1983

319 Pages·2012·28.44 MB·English

Ainl CA?1
*wcxxws
HR
FIELD Feb 83
ARTIILLERY
HN
C00 CANNON WEAPONS SYSTEMS
AND AMMUNITION
HANDBOOK
-4.-
FIELD ARTILLERY SCHOOLD
Weapons Departmen
DISRIBUINS ATME A
Fort Sill, Oklahoma
____________dhiite
*Supersedes HB WCXXWS. Dec 81. 3 11 0,1 02 9
.AeOoessio For '.
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u- 'nouncod [] .... U. S. ARMY
* J(cid:127)(cid:127)Lif i catio FIELD ARTILLERY SCHOOL
By, . Weapons Department
Distribution/ Fort Sill, Oklahoma
IDiAetv ailabil
-AvaJ.. FIELD ARTILLERY CANNON WEAPON SYSTEMS AND
SP- AMMUNITION HANDBOOK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraph Page
CHAPTIER 1. CANNON WEAPON SYSTEMS OF THE FIELD ARTILLERY 4
Section I. General
References 1-1 1-1
Introduction 1-2 1-1
II. Explanation
Period: ? B.C.-A.D. 1100 1-3 1-1
Period: A.D. 1100-A.D. 1962 1-4 1-2
Characteristics of Modern Cannon Weapon Systems 1-5 1-3
II. Summary -1
Review 1-6 1-10
CHAPTER 2. FUNDAMENTALS OF CANNON WEAPON SYSTEM3 :i
Section I. General
References 2-1 2-1
Introduction 2-2 2-1
II. Artillery Carriages, General
Classification of Carriages 2-3 2-1
Compc)nents of the Carriage 2-4 2-2
III. Recoil Mechanisms
Definition of Recoil 2-5 2-7
History of the Development of Recoil Mechanisms 2-6 2-7
Purpose of a Recoil Mechanism 2-7 2-7
Major Systems of a Recoil Mechanibm 2-8 2-7
Types of Recoil Mechanism 2-9 2-7
Functioning of a Hydropneumatic Dependent Recoil
Mechanism 2-10 2-8
Functioning of a Hydropneumatic Independent Recoil
Mechanism--Recoil Cycle 2-11 2-9
Functioning of a Hydropneumatic Independent Recoil
Mechanism-Counterrecoil Cycle 2-12 2-10
Type of Hydropneumatic Independent Variable Recoil
Mechanisms and Their Components 2-13 2-11
Maintenance of a Recoil Mechanism 2-14 2-12
IV. Barrel and Breech Assembly
Genera" 2-15 2-13
Histor. 2-16 2-13
Types of Barrel and Breech Assemblies 2-17 2-13 ,.
Breechblock 2-18 2-14
Firing Mechanism 2-19 2-16
"Auxiliary Devices 2-20 2-16
Barrel Measurement, Definitions, and Classifications 2-21 2-16 .
-
Barrel Maintenance 2-22 2-17
Paragraph Page
V. New Weapons
General 2-23 2-19
M109A2/A3 Howitzer, Self-Propelled ' 2-24 2-19
M198 Howitzer, Towed 2-'2. 5 2-19
Mll0A2 Howitzer, Self-Propelled 2-26 2-19
VI. Summary
Review 2-27 2-20
APPENDIX A. SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF FIELD i
ARTILLERY CANNONS 2-22
CHAPTER 3. 105-MM HOWITZER M101A1, TOWED L .-- ..---
Section I. General
References 3-1 3-1
Introduction 3-2 3-1 -
II. Carriage 4
Trails 3-3 3-2
Equalizing Mechanism 3-4 3-2
Cradle 3-5 3-3
Handbrakefi 3--6 3-4
Wheels and Hubs 3-7 3-4
Top Carriage 3-8 3-4
Traverse 3-9 3-5
Traversing Mechanism 3-10 3-5
Elevating Mechanism 3-11 3-5
Equilibrator 2-12 3-5
Shields 3-13 3-5
III. Barrel and Breech Assemblies
Barrel Assembly 3-14 3-6
Interior Portion of Barrel and Breech 3-15 3-7
Exterior of the Barrel Assembly 3-16 3-7
Breech Ring 3-17 3-8
Breech Mechanism 3-18 3-8
Firing Mechanism and Firing Lock 3-19 3-8
Operation of the Firing Lock 3-20 3-8
Disassembly and Assembly of the Breech Mechanism 3-21 3-10
Disassembly of the Firing Lock M13 3-22 3-10
Assembly of the Firing Lock 3-23 3-10
Maintenance of the Barrel and Breech Assemblies 3-24 3-11
IV. Recoii Mechanism
Purpose of Recoil Mechanism 3-25 3-11
Type of Recoil Mechanism 3-26 3-11
Components of the Recoil Mechanism 3-27 3-12
Functioning of the Recoil Mechanism 3-28 3-12
Servicing the Recoil Mechanism 3-29 3-14
Adjustment of the Recoil Piston Rod Outer Nut 3-30 3-14
Lubri.cation of Slides 3-31 3-15
Recoil Indicator 3-32 3-15
Malfunctions-Causes and Corrections 3-33 3-15
V. Sighting and Laying Equipment
Definitions of Common Terms 3-34 3-15
Panoramic Telescope M12A7S 3-35 3-16
Telescope Mount M21A1 3-36 3-17
Elbow Telescope M16A1D and Mount 23 3-37 3-17
Range Quadrant M4A1 3-38 3-18 "
Gunner's Quadrant M1Al 3-39 3-19
Care and Maintenance of Sighting and Laying Equipment 3-40 3-23
ii
Paragrcaph Th"ge
VI. Sight Tebtr and Adjustmients
General 3-41 3-23
Leveling the Trunnions 3-42 3-23 P
Fire Control Alinement Tests 3-43 3-2-.
Test of Range Quadrant 3-44 3-24
Test of Azimuth Compensating Mechanism of Panoramic
Telescope Mount 31-45 3-24
Boresighting 3-46 3-25
Methods of Boresighting 3-47 3-25
Preparation for Boresighting 3-48 3-25
Testing Target Method of Boresighting 3-49 3-25
Distant Aiming Point Method of Boresighting 3-50 3-26
Standard Angle Check of Boresighting 3-51 3-26
Section VII. Safety Procedures
Malfunctions 3-52 3-
2L
Procedures After Failure to Fire-Cold Tube 3-53 3-29 --
Loading Precautions 3-54 0-.29
Procedures After Failure to Fire-Hot Tube 3-55 11-2-
VIXI. Summary
Review 3-56 3-30
CHAPTER 4. 105-MM HOWITZER, LIGHT, M102, TOWED
Section I. General
References 4-1 4-1
Introduction 4-2 4-1
II. Carriage
Description 4-3 4-1
Suspension Assembly 4-4 4-4
Firing Platform 4-5 4-5
Lowering thc Firing Plat-for ard Suspension Assembly 4-6 4-6
Emplacing the Firing Platform 4-7 4-6
March Order of Firing Platform 4-8 4-9
Elevating Mechanism 4-9 4-10
Equilibrators 4-10 4-11
Traversing Mechanism 4-11 4-12
III. Barrel and Breech Assemblies
Barrel Assembly 4-12 4-13
Breech Ring 4-13 4-15
Barrel and Breech Maintenance 4-14 4-18
Breechblock and Breech Mechanism 4-15 4-19
Safety Procedures 4-16 4-27
Cradle Assembly 4-17 4-30
IV. Recoil Mechanism
Purpose, Types, and Components of Recoil Mechanism 4-18 4-30
V. Fire Control Equipment
Sighting and Laying Equipment 4-19 4-37
Fire Control Instruments 4-20 4-38
Installation of Fire Control Equipment 4-21 4-43
M102 Fire Control Instrument Maintenance Problem Areas 4-22 4-45 •
.
Boresighting 4-23 4-48
Product Improvement Package 4-24 4-48
VI. Summary
Review 4-25 4-49
. . . .. .. . . . . . . .. , °
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Paragraph Page
CHAPTER 5. 155-MM HOWITZERS, M114A1 AND M114A2, TOWED
Section I. General
References 5-1 5-1
Introduction 5-2 5-1
II. Carriages M1A1 and M1A2
Trails, Trail Lock, and Spades 5-3 5-1
Brakes 5-4 5-2
Care and Maintenance of the Air Brake System 5-5 5-5
Wheels, Hubs, and Tires 5-6 5-7
Firing Jack and Traveling Lock 5-7 5-7
Firing Jack (Rack and Finion Type) for Carriage M1Al 5-8 5-7
Firing Jack (Intsrnal Screw Type) for Carriage M1A2 5-9 5-8
Bottom Carriage 5-10 5-9
Top Car(cid:127)iage Assembly 5-11 5-9
Traverse 5-12 5-10
Flevation 5-13 5-10
nq'; &kr-'tors 5-14 5-12
ZC. iCtH. Barrel and Breech Asa-em-blies
Barrei Azs'.mbly 5-15 5-12
,a-- Maintenaice 5-16 5-14
Breech fi6,1 !nd Breechblock 5-17 5-14
Counterbalance As,-.Vhlv 5-18 5-14
Disassembly and MaintenaneL 9(cid:127) the Breech Mechanism 5-19 5-14
Assembly of the Brech Mechanism 5-20 5--17
Firnrg Mechanism M1 5-21 5-19
Disassembly of the Firing Mechanism Mt 5-22 5-20
Assembly of the Firing Mechanism M1 5-23 5-20'-
IV. Recoil Mechanism
Tvno of Recoil Mechanism 5-24 5-20
Purposes of the Recoil Mechanism 5-25 5-20
Components of the Recoil Mechanism 5-26 5-20
Functioning-Recoil Cycle 5-27 5-22
Functioning-Counterrecoil Cycle 5-28 5-23
Functioning of the Variable Recoil Cam Assembly 5-29 b-23
Checking and Servicing the Recoil Mechanism 5-30 5-25
Malfunctions 5-31 5-28
V. Sighting and Laying Equipment
Definition of Common Terms 5-32 5-29
Panoramic Telescope M12A7Q 5-33 5-29
Telescope Mount M25 5-34 5-30
Gunner's Quadrants M1 and MiAi 5-35 5-33
Care and Maintenance of Sighting and Laying Equipment 5-36 5-35
VI. Sight TesA and Adjustments
General 5-37 5-36
Leveling the Trunnions 5-38 5-36
Boresighting 5-39 5-37
Methods of Boresighting 5-40 5-37
Testing Target Method of Boresighting 5-41 5-37
Distant Aiming Point Method of Boresighting 5-42 5-38
Standard Angle Method of Boresighting 5-43 5-39
VII. Special Safety Procedures (Misfire)
Malfunctions 5-44 5-40_(cid:127)
Hot Tube Loading Precautions 5-45 54
MiAfire Procedures 5-46 5-41P'--
iv
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. . . . . . .
~-
.- ..
Paragraph Page--"
"VIII. Suxionary 5-4"
"Summary 5-47 5-41
Special Notes 5-48 5-41 .
CHAPTER 6. 155-MM HOWITZER, TOWED M198
Section I. General
Reference 6-1 6-1
Introduction 6-2 6-1
II. Carriage M39
Trails, Trail Locks and Spades 6-3 6-1
Brakes 6-4 6-3
Care and Maintenance of the Air Brake System 6-5 6-4
Wheels, Hubs and Tires 6-6 6-4
Manifold Assembly 6-7 6-4
Bottom Carriage 6-8 6-5
Top Carriage 6-9 6-5 t,
Traver e 6-10 6-6
Elevation 6-11 6-6
Eqhlibrators 6-12 6-8
III. Cannon Assemblly
Cannon Assembly 6-13 6-8
Tube Maintenance 6-14 6-9
Bize-ech Ring and Breechblock 6-15 6-10
Using Thermal Warming Device 6-16 6-10
"(cid:127)n'-,,rbalance Assembly (i- i7 6-10
Disassembly and Maintc(cid:127),ance of the Breech Mechanism 6-18 6-12
Firing Mechanism, U~v35 6-19 6-12
IV. Recoil
Recoil Me,..ianism 6-20 6-12
Purpose of the Recoil Mechanism 6-21 6-17
Major Components and Functioning of the Recoil MechaiviaM. 6-22 6-17
Maintenance of the Recoil System 6-23 6-17
V. Fire Control Equipment
Panoramic Telescope M137 6-24 6-19
Telescope and Quadrant Mount M171 6-25 6-1-
Firp Control Quadrant M17 6-26 6-19
Telescope and Quadrant M172 6-27 6-19
Fire Control Quadrant M18 6128 6-21I
JA
Elbow Telescope M138 6-29 6-21
VI. Summary
Review 6-30 6-21
CHAPTER 7. 155-MM HOWITZER M109A1/Mi09A2/M109A3,
SELF-PROPELI ED
Section I. General
References 7-1 7-1
Introduction 7-2 7-1
II. Barrel and Breech Mechanism
Exterior Components 7-3 7-1
Howitzer Breech Mechanism Assembly 7-4 7-4
Functioning of Breech Mechanism 7-5 7-5
Maintenance of Tube and Breech 7-6 7-6
Ratps of Fire 7-7 7-7
• Disassembly of Breech Mechanism 7-8 7-7
Assembly of Breech Mechanism 7-9 7-7
Cradie Cam Adjustment 7-10 7-7
v
Paragraph Page
III, Recoil Mechanismn
Types of Recoil Mechanism 7-11 7-16
Purposes of the Recoil Mechanism 7-12 7-16
Major Connponents and Functioning of the Recoil Mechanism 7-13 7-16
Maintenance of Recoil System 7-14 7-17
Malfunctions of the Recoil System 7-15 7-18
IV. Electrical and Hydraulic Systems
Electrical System 7-16 7-19
Components of Hydraulic Systems 7-17 7-19
Rammer 7-18 7-2i '5
Traverse 7-19 7-21
Traversing Mechanism 7-20 7-21
Elevation 7-21 7-22
Elevating Components 7-22 7-22
Maintenance of Elevating Mechanism 7-23 7-22
Equilibrator 7-24 7-22
Zero Pressure Checks 7-25 7-23
Section V. Fire Control Equipment
Panoramic Telescore M117 7-26 7-25
Direct Fire Telescope M118C 7-27 7-25
TAescope Mount M146 7-28 7-25
Elevation Quadrant M15 7-29 7-26
Boresighting 7-30 7-26
Fire Control Alinement Tests 7-31 7-29
VI. Product Improvements
The M109A2/M109A3 7-32 7-29 . "
V11. Summ!:iry E F R P L D 7-33 7-33
Review
CHLA..TrER 8. 8-INCH HO(-WITZER.V M!!0A2,9I.,?D(cid:127)'Dl,.,,-
Section I. General
References 8-1 8- 1
Introdluction 8-2 8-1 "
II. Carriage
Turret 8-3 8-2
Recoil Spade and Lockout System 8-4 8-2
Cradle, Travel Lock, and Retracting Control Valve Handle 8-5 8-4
Electricai and Hydraulic Systems 8-6 8-5
III. Recoil
Re-coil Mechanism 8-7 8-7
Purpose of the Recoil Mechanism 8-8 8-7
Components of the Recoil Mechanism 8-9 8-7
Recki! Cycle 8-10 8-9
CounterrE -:1 Cycle 8-11 8-9
Variable Recoil Cam Assembly 8-12 8-10
Maintenance of the Recoil Mechanism 8-13 8-10
Equilibrators 8-14 8-11 -
Traversing and Elevating Controls 8-15 8-12
"i~ra .c.'se8-16 8-12 .
Traversing Mechanism 8-17 8-12
Elevating Mechanism 8-18 8-14
Loader and Rammer 8-19 8-14
IV. Barrel and Breech Assemblies
Barrel Assembly 8-20 8-19' -'j'
Barrel Maintenance 8-21 8-20
Breech Ring and Breech Block 8-22 8-20
vi
7.-
Parcgraph Page
"Counterbalance Assembly 8-2, 8-21
"Disassembly and Maintenance of the Breech Mechanism 8-24 8-21
Firing Mechanism M35 and Firing Mechanism Block Assembly 8-25 8-21
Definition of Common Terms 8-26 8-24
V. Fire Control Equipment
Gunner's Quadrant Ml and MIA1 8-27 8-25
Panoramic Telescope Mount M137 8-28 8-26
Panoramic Telescope M 115 8-29 8-2b
-:
Elevation Quadrant M15 8-30 8-28
Elbow Telescope Mount M138 8-31 8-29
Elbow Telescope M139 8-1(cid:127)2 8-29
Care and Maintenance of Sighting and Laying Equipment 8-33 8-29
Boresighting 8-34 8-29
Special Safety Procedures (Misfire) 8-35 8-33
Loading Precautions 8-36 8-36
Misfire Procedures 8-37 8-37
VI. Summary
Review 8-38 8-37
CHAPTER 9. 14.5-MM FIELD ARTILLERY TRAINER M31
Section I. General
References 9-1 9-1
Introduction 9-2 9-1
Composition of M31 Kits 9-3 9-1.
Recommended Changes or Comments 9-4 9-2
II. Preparations
General 9-5 9-2
Select a Range 9-6 9-2
Federal Aviation Authority Notification 9-7 9-3
Construction of a Range 9-8 9-3
Opecin'l IVwap 9-9 9-0.-.,,
Survey Requirements 9-10 9-4
Firing Battery Procedures 9-11 9-5
III. Gunnery Procedures
General 9-12 9-6
Observer Procedures 9-13 9-6
IV. Ammunition
General 9-14 9-6
Police of Duds 9-15 9-7
V. Installation
Installation Instruction for the M109/M109A1/A2/A3
M110A1/A2 9-16 9-7
Installation Instructions for the M102 Howitzer 9-17 9-11
How to Emplace the 14.5-mm Trainer on Tripod 9-18 9-13
Firing the Trainer 9-19 9-15
VI. Summary
Adapter Assemblies for the M101A1 and M114AI/A2 Howitzer 9-20 9-16
Review 9-21 9-16
CHAPTER 10. FIELD ARTILLERY DIRECT FIRE TRAINER
Section I. General
References 10-1 10-1
Introduction 10-2 10-1
Genc-al Characteristics 10-3 10-1
"Components of Target Board 10-4 10-2
Control and Indicatort i0-5 10-2
Mounting of the ADFT 10-6 10-2
vii
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.. .. . .. ....... . .. .. .. .. . . . .
1;7 -7 T- ,- '--K:-- -v
Parag€ raph Page
II. Su.amary"
Review 10-7 10-3
CHAPTYR 11. FIELD ARTILLERY AMMUNITION
Sction 1. General
References 11-1 11-1
Intreduction 11-2 11-1
Section 1I. Classification of Ammunition
Artillery Ammunition 11-3 11-1
Clasnification of Ammunition According to Use 11-4 11-2
Classification of Ammunition According to Type 11-5 11-2
III. Explosive Trains
Definition of Explosive Train 11-6 11-2
Propelling Charge Explosive Train 11-7 11-3
Projectile Explosive Train 11-8 11-6
IV. Projectiles and Their Markings
Exterior Components of an Artillery Projectile 11-9 11-12
Projectile Painting and Marking 11-10 11-13
V. Packing, Marking, Care, and Storage of Ammunition
General Precautions 11-11 11-14
Ammunition Storage Precautions 11-12 11-14
Ammu,-j4tion Storage in Artillery Emplacements 11-13 11-15
Special ttanrii ,- Precautions 11-14 11-16
1
Packing and Marking 11-15 11-17
Primers 11-16 11-17
Propellantc 11-17 11-17 ,(cid:127)..,
Projectiles 11-18 11-17
Fuzes 11-19 11-18
VI. Fuzes, Fuze Wrenches, Fuze Setters, and Boosters
Forces That Act Upon a Fuze 11-20 11-18
General Classification of Fuzes 11-21 11-18
Impact Fuzes 11-22 11-18
Mechanical Time and Proximity (VT) Fuzeq 11-23 11-21
M500/M501/M520 Mechanical Time-Superquick 11.zes 11-24 11-21
M563/M564/M565 Mechanical Time Fuzes 11-25 11-26
M577/M582 Mechanical Time-Superquick Fuzes 11-26 11-30
Proximity (VT) Fu:. 11-27 11-32
Weapon-Projectile-I ropelling Chart Compatibility and
Authorized Fuze-Projectile Combination Chart 11-28 1i-37
Boosters 11-29 11-40
VII. New and Experimental Ammunition Components
General 11-30 11-41
Propelling Charges 1.1-31 11-41
Projectiles 11-J2 11-42
VIII. Summary
Review 11-33 11-46
APPENDIX B. FIELD ARTILLERY AMMUNITION-
A GENERAL PLANNING GUIDE 11-47
viii
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CHAPTtER 1
CANNON WEAPON SYS) EMS OF THE FIElI .A.RTILLE.Y
Y
Section I. GENERAL
1-.Rferecesaompareaoa tapultvwth ainoden, :2iilery
TM 9-1015-203-12, TM 9-1015-234-12, TM 9- cannon seems Y-.t, t.(cid:127) Unly differcn&(cid:127) ,q
3,'vsurd.
1026-200--12, TM 9-1025-211-10, TM 9-2300- the kind ofenergy '" -o.s' d tux .pre j c'eonith- ...
216-10, TM 9-6920-361-13, and TM 9-6920-357- way.
10-2. b. Every artillery oCticer soIlito te fa in 1!1a '0,V S,
1-2. Introduction the charactedistitj and .$(cid:127)mctionaing dt wontIn,
artillery wc-apone; and a6 !: w-(cid:127),zicr of iritrfct . "
a. In order to acquaint ourselves with the as one knowledg r c hisioi:t1 "
02,
historical development of modern artillery weould hase k noe e -.
must take a step back in the pages of history. To dv p t t wc.'
Section II. EXPLANATION
1-3. Period: ? BC.-A.D. 1100
a. In the dawn of history, war engines were ,*., 4 ."
eriorming the runcton of artillery (which may be.' ''
loosely defined as a means of hurling missiles too
heavy to be thrown by hand), and it was from the .. ,
use of these crude weapons that the basic
principles of artillery originated. The Scriptures
record the use of ingenious machines-probably
predecessors of the catapult and ballista, getting
Power from twisted ropes made of hair, hide, or'-:
sinew-on the walls of Jerusalem eight centuries
BC.
b. The ballista (fig I-I) had horizontal arms xike
a bow and was used to reduce fortifications. The
arms were set in rope; a cord, fastened to the arms
like a bowstring, fired arrows, darts, and stones. I
Like a modtrn field gun, the ballista shot low and
directly towird the enemy. > :; ,;:'v'(cid:127).,n(cid:127) t 43.:
c. The catapult (fig 1-2) was the howitzer or Figure 1. Ballista,
.-
mcrtar of its day. It could throw e 100-pound stone
630 yards in a high arc to otrike the enemy behind Europe is credited to the Moors .,., Saragossa in
his wall or to batter down his defenses. A.D. 1118. The earliest known cannon was a cast
iron weapon (fig 1-3) shaped like a jug-large
round body, narrow neck, and flared moudh. The
a. A ninth century Latin manuscript found in projectile was an iron dart. The shaft of the dart 2'" ""
SEurope contains a formula for gunpowder. was wrapped in leather to fit tightly into the neck
»-' However, the first show of firearms in western of the piece, Range was about 700 yards and
*Supersedes HB-1 WCXXWS, Dee 81.
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