Hazardous waste handbook for health and safety

262 Pages·2000·9.801 MB·English

by  John Lippitt, Paul Webb, William Martin

Hazardous Waste Handbook
for Health and Safety

Hazardous Waste Handbook
for Health and Safety
Third Edition
William F. Martin
John M. Lippitt
Paul J. Webb
Boston Oxford Auckland Johannesburg Melbourne New Delhi
Copyright © 2000 by Butterworth–Heinemann
A member of the Reed Elsevier group
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted
in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written,Butterworth–Heinemann
prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible.
Butterworth–Heinemann supports the efforts of American Forests and the
Global ReLeaf program in its campaign for the betterment of trees,forests,and
our environment.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Martin,William F.
Hazardous waste handbook for health and safety / William F.Martin,John M.Lippitt,
Paul Webb.—3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7506-7135-1 (alk.paper)
1. Hazardous waste sites—Safety measures—Handbooks,manuals,etc. 2. Hazardous
waste sites—Health aspects—Handbooks,manuals,etc. 3. Environmental health—
Handbooks,manuals,etc. I. Lippitt,John M. II.Webb,Paul. III. Title.
TD1052 .M38 2000
628.4¢2¢0289—dc21
00-023588
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book.
For information,please contact:
Manager of Special Sales
Butterworth–Heinemann
225 Wildwood Avenue
Woburn,MA 01801–2041
Tel:[phone]
Fax:[phone]
For information on all Butterworth–Heinemann publications available,contact our World
Wide Web home page at:http://www.bh.com
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
Contents
Authors vi Appendix A: Abbreviations 145
Preface vii Appendix B: Acronyms 147
Acknowledgements viii Appendix C: Chemical Formulas 149
Appendix D: Glossary 151
1 Introduction:Laws and Regulations 1
Appendix E: Sample Site Safety Plan 155
2 Hazards 9
Appendix F: Medical Occupational History 161
3 Planning and Organization 21
Appendix G: Hazardous Substance Data Sheet 165
4 Site Characterization 27
Appendix H: Chemical Protective Clothing
5 Air Monitoring 35 Recommendations 169
6 Personal Protective Equipment 43 Appendix I: Decontamination Procedures for
Three Typical Levels of Protection 175
7 Site Control and Work Practices 77
Appendix J: Health and Safety Checklist 179
8 Decontamination 93
Appendix K: Chemical Hazard Data—NIOSH
9 Spills and Site Emergencies 101
Pocket Guide (Sample) 193
10 Medical Monitoring Programs 113
Appendix L: Toxicology Review 239
11 Training 125
12 Monitoring Well Safety at Hazardous Sites 131 Index 251
13 Hazardous Waste Transportation Safety 135
v
Authors
William F.Martin,P.E.,holds a civil engineering degree in hazardous and solid waste management.Mr.Lippitt
from the University of Kentucky and a master’s degree provides expertise in health and safety management
in environmental health engineering from the Univer- for SCS projects and has prepared several documents
sity of Texas.He served twenty-two years as a commis- concerning methods of worker protection and costs of
sioned officer in the U.S. Public Health Service. He worker safety and health for NIOSH and the USEPA.
held positions with the Indian Health Service, U.S. His professional experience prior to joining SCS
Coast Guard,Federal Water Pollution Control Admin- involved five years as a public health sanitarian,a year
istration, and National Institute for Occupational conducting carcinogen-testing research and develop-
Safety and Health.A registered professional engineer ment with the USEPA Health Effects Research Labo-
in Texas and Kentucky,he has presented and published ratory, and nine months as an on-site coordinator for
numerous technical papers,both foreign and domestic. the Ohio EPA to monitor the activities of a licensed
He served on the Superfund steering committee made hazardous waste landfill.
up of EPA,OSHA,NIOSH,and the U.S.Coast Guard. Paul J. Webb, C.I.H., has experience including
He served as the NIOSH Hazardous Waste Program industrial hygiene positions with the North Carolina
Director with primary responsibility for coordinating Department of Labor,Division of Occupational Safety
all Institute Superfund activities, including research and Health,and within the pharmaceutical industry.He
projects and the production of comprehensive health is currently president of Occu-Health Consultants,Inc.,
and safety guidelines, worker bulletins, and training a Raleigh-based firm specializing in occupational health
materials. Mr. Martin has consulted on environmental and safety. Over the past several years, his firm has
engineering and hazardous waste health and safety worked with clients in private industry and municipal
with Valentec International Corporation, Environ- government in the development and implementation of
mental Systems & Services, Inc., and Greenglobe emergency response programs and personnel training.
Engineering,Inc. Mr.Webb received his B.S. in biology and his M.P.H.
John M.Lippitt,M.En.,is a Registered Sanitarian in industrial hygiene from the University of South
with the Ohio State Board of Sanitation Registration. Carolina.He is certified in the comprehensive practice
He is currently employed as a Project Scientist for SCS of industrial hygiene by the American Board of Indus-
Engineers, a consulting engineering firm specializing trial Hygiene.
vi
Preface
Professionals in environmental health, occupational course commonly referred to as the Occupational Safety
health, environmental management, and engineering and Health Administration (OSHA) forty-hour or
have often noted the need for a well-referenced health Hazardous Waste Operation and Emergency Response
and safety training manual to prepare new workers for (HAZWOPER) training. The Environmental Protec-
hazardous materials and hazardous waste cleanup activ- tion Agency (EPA), Department of Defense (DoD),
ities. This need is addressed in this third edition of Department of Energy (DoE), U.S. Coast Guard
Hazardous Waste Handbook for Health and Safety. (USCG),and OSHA regulations and contracts usually
These authors average over fifteen years each in pro- require this level of health and safety training for all on-
fessional experience in teaching,regulating,consulting, site personnel.This training manual is a companion to
and handling of hazardous materials. Additional field the textbook Protecting Personnel at Hazardous Waste
experience and new regulations have prompted this Sites,Third Edition (Butterworth-Heinemann,1999).
third edition. The third edition has expanded and Hazardous waste management is a challenging
updated material in every chapter. References have endeavor in our national effort to protect the quality of
been revised to reflect current sources.The main objec- our environment.The authors of this book feel that this
tive of this textbook continues to be its use as a resource challenge can be met without sacrificing the health of
book for training professionals in the practice of occu- those individuals and companies called on to accom-
pational safety and health in hazardous materials and plish the task.
waste activities.The authors feel strongly that anyone This manual is an expanded version of the previous
teaching or training hazardous waste workers should edition, with many updates of the NIOSH/OSHA/
have thoroughly covered at least the content of this USCG/EPA publication “Occupational Safety and
edition in an academic setting and have had consider- Health for Hazardous Waste Site Activities” (1985)
able field experience under experienced supervision. # 85-115, which the authors of this book helped to
This edition is considered a minimum of academic develop in 1983–1985.
exposure for the hazardous waste health and safety
vii
Acknowledgements
Recognition is given to the U.S.Public Health Service, Stephen P. Berardinelli, Ph.D., Aaron W. Schoppee,
especially the National Institute for Occupational Ph.D., Jim Spahr, and Dr. Belard in the Division of
Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Center for Disease Safety Research, Morgantown, West Virginia, recom-
Control and Prevention (CDCP), the Occupational mended a number of changes in the second edition
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the U.S. relating to personal protective equipment that were
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),the Depart- incorporated into the present edition.The authors also
ment of Energy (DoE), the Department of Defense recognize the following for their review comments on
(DoD), and the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), for their the first two editions, which have been incorporated
efforts under the Resource Conservation and Recovery into the present edition: James P. Kirk, William R.
Act (RCRA) and Superfund to gather, develop, and Goutdie III, Steven J. Sherman,Vicki Santoro, Joseph
make publicly available health and safety guidelines, A.Gispanski,and James B.Walters.
publications,and contractor reports. The contributing authors of the third edition of
This practical hazardous waste health and safety Protecting Personnel at Hazardous Waste Sitesprovided
handbook and training manual would not be possible the key items for updating this training manual:Edward
without the previous work of many individuals,compa- Bishop, Ph.D., C.I.H.; Joanna Burger, Ph.D.; Leslie W.
nies,and government agencies.During the past fifteen Cole,M.S.;David L.Dahlstrom,C.I.H.;David Dyjack,
years, the authors have worked with a host of highly Dr.P.H.,C.I.H.;Michael Gochfeld,M.D.,Ph.D.;Dennis
qualified professionals in the nation’s efforts to contain Goldman, Ph.D.; Ralph F. Goldman, Ph.D.; Larry L.
hazardous waste spills, clean up abandoned landfills, Janssen, C.I.H.; Paul W. Jonmaire, Ph.D.; John M.
control hazardous chemical threats to the environment Lippitt, M.En.; William F. Martin, P.E.; James M.
and public health,and adequately dispose of solid and Melius,M.D.;Richard C.Montgomery,Ph.D.;James P.
hazardous waste. Pastorick, B.A.; Lamar E. Priester, Jr., Ph.D.; L. E.
Outside reviewers contributed substantially to the “Chip” Priester III;Timothy G. Pothero, B.A.; Charles
quality and focus of this edition.A special thanks to Pro- F. Redinger, C.I.H., Ph.D.; Charles J. Sawyer, C.I.H.,
fessor Joe Ledbetter,Ph.D.,University of Texas,for his P.E.; Arthur D. Schwope, M.A.; H. Randy Sweet;
specific review comments, which improved the quality Lynn P.Wallace,Ph.D.,P.E.,D.E.E.;and Paul J.Webb,
of this edition. The South Carolina Department of C.I.H.
Health and Environmental Control, through the The authors wish to thank Laurie Goodale of
reviews of Shannon Berry, Ron Kinney, and Harold Priester & Associates for her desktop publishing skills
Seabrook,was very helpful in keeping this edition prac- in the production of this third edition.Thanks to Ann T.
tical and current. An extensive review by William Kiefert,M.S.,for her technical editing of the final draft.
Keffer,senior engineering advisor,was very helpful for Ms. Kiefert’s experience with Florida’s environmental
the second edition, and also provided some excellent regulations and her graduate studies at Florida State
options for this edition. The NIOSH staff, especially University contributed to her expert input.
viii
1
INTRODUCTION: LAWS AND REGULATIONS
I
n the past two decades, industry, govern- Department of Energy (DoE) lands and facilities.
ment, and the general public have become Occupational risk assessment and toxicology
increasingly aware of the need to respond have been expanded because classroom experi-
to the hazardous waste problem, which has ence at educational centers all across the United
grown steadily over the past 100 years. In 1980, States indicated that many professional people
Congress passed the Comprehensive Environ- were being trained for hazardous waste occupa-
mental Response, Compensation, and Liability tions with very limited backgrounds in applied
Act (CERCLA)—the Superfund law—to provide occupational health.
for liability, compensation, cleanup, and emer- This manual is intended for individuals who
gency response for hazardous substances have direct responsibility to carry out hazardous
released into the environment and the cleanup waste site cleanup and hazardous waste
of abandoned and uncontrolled hazardous waste emergencies. It can be used as:
disposal sites. The Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 extended
• a training manual
CERCLA and added new authorities under Title
• a planning tool
III of SARA that included Emergency Planning,
Community Right-to-Know, and Toxic Chemical • a management reference
Release Reporting. The Resource Conservation
• an educational textbook
and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 sets the stan-
• a technical reference document
dards for waste handling, storage, and disposal.
The 1975 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
provides regulation of hazardous materials label- It also serves as an applied industrial hygiene
ing, packaging, placarding, manifesting, and handbook for hazardous waste activities and is a
transporting. valuable sourcebook on hazardous waste occu-
This handbook is a training manual and guid- pational safety and health. It should be used as a
ance document for employees and supervisors preliminary basis for developing a specific health
responsible for occupational safety and health and safety program. Consult other sources and
programs at hazardous waste sites. It was devel- experienced individuals as necessary for the
oped to give site supervisors specific instruc- details needed to design and implement occupa-
tions and guidelines on how to protect the tional safety and health plans at specific haz-
safety and health of workers. A second goal of ardous waste sites.
this handbook is to improve hazardous waste Although this manual cites federal regu-
operations efficiency through knowledge and lations, it is not a definitive legal document and
training of the work force. A third goal is to should not be taken as such. Individuals who are
reduce the cost of hazardous waste cleanups responsible for the health and safety of workers
through reduced lawsuits and liability losses of at hazardous waste sites should obtain and
employers and individuals. comply with the most recent federal, state, and
Additional field experience and new regu- local regulations.
lations have prompted this third edition. Updated Several of the key hazardous waste, health
information has been added to address the and safety–related regulations are briefly summa-
1990’s effort to clean up and convert to civilian rized in this chapter.
use major Department of Defense (DoD) and
The Codes of Federal Regulations (CFRs) provide the CFR 11,and 49 CFR 100199.These federal publications
complete text of current regulations.Some of the CFRs can be located at major public libraries, university
of direct application to hazardous waste operations are libraries,and most major federal and state offices.Many
as follows:40 CFR 300,29 CFR 1910,40 CFR 260265,30 databases will provide access to these regulations.Two
1
2 HAZARDOUS WASTE HANDBOOK
of these are the Computer-Aided Environmental an actual release has occurred.Even before any emer-
Legislative Data System (CELDS) and LEXIS.CELDS gency has arisen, certain information must be made
contains abstracts of environmental regulations and is available to state and local authorities, and to the
designed for use in environmental impact analysis and general public upon request.Facility owners and oper-
environmental quality management.The abstracts are ators are obligated to provide information pertaining
written in an informative narrative style,with excessive to any regulated substance present on the facility to the
verbiage removed.Characteristics of this system are as appropriate state or local authorities (Subtitle A).Three
follows: types of information are to be reported to the appro-
priate state and local authorities (Subtitle B):
1. Legislative information is indexed to a hierarchical
keyword thesaurus,in addition to being indexed to a 1. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), which are
set of environmental keywords. prepared by the chemical manufacturer of any haz-
2. Information can be obtained for federal and state ardous chemical and are retained by the facility
environmental regulations, as well as regulatory owner or operator (or if confidentiality is a concern,
requirements related to the keywords. a list of hazardous chemicals for which MSDSs
3. Appropriatereferencedocuments,such asenactment/ are retained can be made available). These sheets
effective date, legislative reference, administrative contain general information on a hazardous chemi-
agency,andbibliographical reference,are provided. cal and provide an initial notice to the state and local
authorities.
The system is structured to satisfy the user agency’s 2. Emergency and Hazardous Chemical Inventory
(U.S. Department of Defense) specific needs for envi- Forms, which are submitted annually to the state
ronmental regulations; consequently, the needs of and local authorities.Tier 1 information includes the
other agencies may not be completely satisfied by maximum amount of a hazardous chemical that may
this system.Augmentations to the system include regula- be present at any time during the reporting year,and
tions of concern to the U.S. Environmental Protection the average daily amount present during the year
Agency (EPA). prior to the reporting year. Also included is the
LEXIS is a full-text system from Mead Data “general location of hazardous chemicals in each cat-
Central. It is a database with a family of files that egory.”This information is available to the general
contain the full text of the following: public upon request.Tier II information is reported
only if requested by an emergency entity or fire
1. United States Code—a codification by major title of department. This information provides a more
the body of U.S.statutes detailed description of the chemicals, the average
2. Code of Federal Regulations—a codification by amounts handled, the precise location, storage pro-
major title of current effective administrative agency cedures,and whether the information is to be made
regulations available to the general public (allowing for the pro-
3. Federal Register—July 1980 to present tection of confidential information).
4. Supreme Court decisions since 1960 3. Toxic chemical release reporting, which releases
5. State court decisions—courts of last resort, inter- general information about effluents and emissions of
mediary courts,lower courts any “toxic chemicals.”
In the event a release of a hazardous substance
FEDERAL REGULATIONS
does occur, a facility owner or operator must notify
SUPERFUND AMENDMENTS AND the authorities. This notification must identify the
REAUTHORIZATION ACT (SARA)
hazardous chemical involved; amounts released;
(42 U.S.C. 11001 ET SEQ.)
time, duration, environmental fate; and suggested
Basic Objective This act revises and extends action.
CERCLA (Superfund authorization). CERCLA is A multilayer emergency planning and response
extended by the addition of new authorities known network on the state and local government levels is to
as the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to- be established (also providing a notification scheme for
Know Act of 1986 (also known as Title III of SARA). the event of a release).
Title III of SARA provides for “emergency planning
and preparedness,community right-to-know reporting, Enforcement Responsibilities:Federal–State Rela-
and toxic chemical release reporting.” tionship Local emergency planning committees or an
emergency response commission appointed by the gov-
Key Provisions There are key provisions which ernor of the state are responsible for the response
apply when a hazardous substance is handled and when scheme.The primary drafters of the local response plans