Hazardous Organic Pollutants in Colored Wastewaters

90 Pages·2008·1.4 MB·English

by  Natalija Koprivanac

H O
AZARDOUS RGANIC
P C
OLLUTANTS IN OLORED
WASTEWATERS

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H O
AZARDOUS RGANIC
P C
OLLUTANTS IN OLORED
WASTEWATERS

NATALIJA KOPRIVANAC
AND
HRVOJE KUSIC

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CONTENTS

Preface vii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Colored Wastewater Treatment by AOPs:
A Review of Recent Studies 9
Chapter 3 Study of C.I. Reactive Blue 137 Wastewater;
Treatment by Several AOPs 31
Conclusion 55
Acknowledgement 57
Reference 59
Index 73

PREFACE

The manufacturing and the application of organic dyes involve the production
and the handling of many organic compounds hazardous to human health. Many
of these substances are considered toxic, even carcinogenic. Over the past couple
of decades, manufacturers and users of dyes have faced increasingly stringent
legal regulations promulgated to safeguard human health and the environment. So,
there is a clear need to treat dye wastewater prior to discharge into the primary
effluent. The limitation of traditional wastewater treatment technologies
(biological and physical), such as low rate, disability to degrade many of
recalcitrant organic dyes and the production of secondary waste which demands
further treatment, can be overcome by the utilization of advanced oxidation
processes (AOPs). These wastewater treatment methods are considered as low- or
even non-waste generation technologies. AOPs are based on the production of
very reactive species, such as hydroxyl radicals, able to decolorize and to reduce
recalcitrant colored wastewater loads due to the high oxidation power and the lack
of selectivity of OH radicals towards a broad range of organic pollutants present
in wastewater. Generally, AOPs can be broadly classified concerning the way of
OH radicals generation into chemical, photochemical, photocatalytic, mechanical
and electrical technologies. This research deals with the application of chemical
and photochemical AOPs for the minimization of recalcitrant colored pollutants
present in wastewaters. The comparative study of several processes, Fe0/H O ,
2 2
UV/Fe0/H O , UV/O and UV/O /H O , was performed through an experimental
2 2 3 3 2 2
research of decolorization and mineralization of a reactive azo dye C.I. Reactive
Blue 137, as a model wastewater pollutant. Applied processes were optimized
according to their process parameters, Fe0 dosages, initial H O dosages and
2 2
initial pH values of treated solutions. The influence of initial organic dye
concentration, as well as the addition of solid particles, synthetic zeolites, on the
viii Natalija Koprivanac and Hrvoje Kusic
process effectiveness was also investigated. Studied AOPs were evaluated on the
basis of their eco-effectiveness, by the means of color (A ), aromaticity (UV ),
610 280
TOC and AOX value decrease, and their cost-effectiveness as well.
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

COLORED WASTEWATER

Dyes make our world beautiful, but they bring pollution. Synthetic dyes are
present in many spheres of our everyday life and their application is continuously
growing. Organic synthetic dyes have been widely used as colorants in different
industries such as textile, paper, color photography, pharmaceutical, food,
cosmetic, electric... [1]. More than 0.7 million tons of organic synthetic dyes are
produced annually worldwide. In additon, over 10,000 different dyes and
pigments have been applied in those industries. Studies indicated that
approximately 15 % of produced synthetic dyes per year have been lost during
manufacturing and processing operations that involve the production and handling
with many organic compounds hazardous to human health. Wastewaters
originated from dye production and application industries present a very serious
environmental problem because of the aesthetic nature due to the fact that the
coloration is visible even in a low dye concentration. Although the presence of
color in water might not appear to have a negative effect other than aesthetic, this
is not actually the case. The color can adsorb and reflect sunlight entering the
water. Consequently, bacteria can not grow sufficiently in the water and that can
have a disastrous effect on the food chain [2]. But even more important, many
substances in such wastewaters are considered toxic, and even carcinogenic and
mutagenic [3]. Nowadays, the mostly used group among all dyes are reactive
synthetic dyes, mostly applied for dyeing of natural fibbers such as cotton and
wool. Due to the high solubility and hydrolysis as a side effect of such types of
dyes, they can often cause loaded colored effluents [4]. Almost 70 % of all
reactive dyes are of the azo type, while other are mainly of anthraquinonic and