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Emergency Response BURKE H A Z A R D O U S N O I HAZARDOUS MATERIALS CHEMISTRY T M A T E R I A L S H I EMERGENCY RESPONDERS D FOR A E THIRD EDITION Z F D C H E M I S T R Y A F O R “The approach and selection of topics are straightforward and logical with chapters O R building on material in previous sections. The selection of topics is comprehensive. R R I H ... Hazardous Materials Chemistry has been the primary textbook for teaching D T new hazmat crews for almost two decades and this updated new edition will be no E E M E R G E N C Y O exception.” M —Harry J. Elston, Ph.D., CIH, Editor, Journal of Chemical Health & Safety U E S The third edition of a bestseller, Hazardous Materials Chemistry for Emergency R R E S P O N D E R S Responders continues to provide the fundamentals of “street chemistry” required by emergency response personnel. Emergency response and hazmat expert Robert GM Burke takes the basics of chemistry appropriate for response personnel and puts it EA into understandable terms. The author has retained the style and format that made N the previous editions so popular while updating the information to keep the book T relevant. CE R O B E R T A . B U R K E YR See What’s in the Third Edition: I • Expanded section on Ethanol and its hazards to responders RA • Update of NFPA 472 Chemistry requirements EL • Revised section on “hazmat elements” with more hazards and SS response issues • Includes a focus on the importance of the “hazmat elements” P C of chemical families O • New incident examples H N • New photographs and graphics E D The chapters are organized by the nine U.S. Department of Transportation’s hazard M E classes. Almost every hazardous material presents more than one hazard; the DOT’s RI placarding and labeling system only identifies the most severe hazards. Therefore, S S the book provides additional information about hidden hazards for each hazard class. T It discusses individual chemicals, their hazards and their physical and chemical R characteristics, both as distinct chemicals and within chemical families. Y The book offers a concise presentation of the topics of most importance to emergency responders on a day-to-day basis. It provides the basic chemistry a responder needs to understand chemical terminology and communicate with others about the chemicals involved in hazardous materials incidents. THIRD K12261 EDITION 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 711 Third Avenue New York, NY 10017 2 Park Square, Milton Park Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK H A Z A R DO US M A T E RI A L S C H E M IS T R Y F O R E M E RG E N CY R E S PO N D E RS H A Z A R DO US M A T E RI A L S C H E M IS T R Y F O R E M E RG E N CY R E S PO N D E RS R O B E RT A . B U R K E Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20130206 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-4986-6 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com This book is affectionately dedicated to my newest granddaughter, Abigale Marie (#21) December 7, 2010. She has brought joy, happiness, and love to my life and has captured my heart. She wrapped me around her little finger from the moment she was born as she held my finger in the incubator in the delivery room. She has lived with my wife and I since birth and we continue to raise her through our retirement. It isn’t the way we had planned our retirement and certainly has been a challenge, but I wouldn’t change a thing even if I could. While it will be many years before she will be able to read this, in the mean time, I will be kept busy with my grandfa- therly duty of loving and spoiling her beyond imagination! © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents Preface ...........................................................................................................................................xix Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................xxi In memory of Chris Waters .....................................................................................................xxiii Author ..........................................................................................................................................xxv Chapter 1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................1 Hazardous materials statistics ......................................................................................................5 DOT/UN hazard classes of hazardous materials ......................................................................7 NFPA 704 marking system ............................................................................................................8 Health .........................................................................................................................................12 Flammability .............................................................................................................................13 Reactivity (stability) .................................................................................................................13 Chemical characteristic listings and incidents .........................................................................14 Chemical and physical characteristics: Training competencies .............................................15 OSHA 1910.120 ..........................................................................................................................15 Operations level ..............................................................................................................16 Technician ........................................................................................................................16 Specialist ..........................................................................................................................16 Awareness .................................................................................................................................17 Operations .................................................................................................................................17 Technician .................................................................................................................................19 Incident commander ................................................................................................................22 Review questions ..........................................................................................................................23 Chapter 2 Basics of chemistry ................................................................................................25 Periodic table of elements ............................................................................................................26 Elements .........................................................................................................................................27 Atomic number .........................................................................................................................28 Atomic weight ...........................................................................................................................28 Hazmat elements ...........................................................................................................................32 Hydrogen ...................................................................................................................................32 History ..............................................................................................................................33 Sources .............................................................................................................................34 Important compounds ...................................................................................................34 Uses ...................................................................................................................................34 Isotopes ............................................................................................................................35 © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC vii viii Contents Important reactions ........................................................................................................35 Hazards to responders (Photo 2.2) ...............................................................................35 Lithium ......................................................................................................................................36 History ..............................................................................................................................37 Sources .............................................................................................................................37 Important compounds ...................................................................................................37 Uses ...................................................................................................................................38 Isotopes ............................................................................................................................38 Important reactions ........................................................................................................38 Hazards to responders ...................................................................................................38 Sodium .......................................................................................................................................39 History ..............................................................................................................................39 Sources .............................................................................................................................39 Important compounds ...................................................................................................40 Uses ...................................................................................................................................40 Isotopes ............................................................................................................................40 Hazards to responders ...................................................................................................40 Potassium ..................................................................................................................................41 History ..............................................................................................................................41 Sources .............................................................................................................................41 Important compounds ...................................................................................................42 Uses ...................................................................................................................................42 Isotopes ............................................................................................................................42 Important reactions ........................................................................................................42 Hazards to responders ...................................................................................................42 Beryllium ...................................................................................................................................43 History ..............................................................................................................................43 Sources .............................................................................................................................43 Important compounds ...................................................................................................43 Uses ...................................................................................................................................44 Isotopes ............................................................................................................................44 Important reactions ........................................................................................................44 Hazards to responders ...................................................................................................44 Magnesium ................................................................................................................................44 History ..............................................................................................................................45 Sources .............................................................................................................................45 Important compounds ...................................................................................................45 Uses ...................................................................................................................................45 Isotopes ............................................................................................................................46 Important reactions ........................................................................................................46 Hazards to responders ...................................................................................................46 Calcium ......................................................................................................................................46 History ..............................................................................................................................47 Sources .............................................................................................................................47 Important compounds ...................................................................................................47 Uses ...................................................................................................................................47 Isotopes ............................................................................................................................47 Important reactions ........................................................................................................47 Hazards to responders ...................................................................................................48 © 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC