Hazard Analysis of Seismic Soil Liquefaction

180 Pages·2017·9.209 MB·English

by  Yu Huang, Miao Yu (auth.)

Springer Natural Hazards
Yu Huang
Miao Yu
Hazard
Analysis of
Seismic Soil
Liquefaction
Springer Natural Hazards
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Yu Huang Miao Yu
(cid:129)
Hazard Analysis of Seismic
Soil Liquefaction
123
YuHuang Miao Yu
Department ofGeotechnical Engineering, Department ofGeotechnical Engineering,
Collegeof CivilEngineering Collegeof CivilEngineering
TongjiUniversity TongjiUniversity
Shanghai Shanghai
China China
and
Faculty of Engineering
ChinaUniversity of Geosciences
Wuhan, Hubei
China
ISSN 2365-0656 ISSN 2365-0664 (electronic)
SpringerNatural Hazards
ISBN978-981-10-4378-9 ISBN978-981-10-4379-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4379-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017935832
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Preface
Liquefaction is one of the major causes of damage to soils and foundations during
earthquakes and is one of the most important aspects in seismic research and the
design of foundations. Recent seismic liquefaction-related damage to soils and
foundations demonstrates the need for comprehensive hazard analysis of seismic
soilliquefaction,inordertoreducerelateddamagesandtoprotectlives.Theaimof
this book is to examine the disaster mechanisms and deformation evolution of
seismic liquefaction and provide references for risk assessment.
This book summarizes and generalizes the authors’ research into seismic liq-
uefaction, including mechanisms, deformation characteristics, and comprehensive
evaluations. First, macroscopic liquefaction phenomena observed since the begin-
ning of this century are reviewed, and then the liquefaction potential evaluations
basedoninsitutestingarediscussed.Then,thestudiesofthedynamicmechanisms
ofliquefactionvialaboratoryandmodeltests arepresented.Inaddition, numerical
simulations for deformation analysis of liquefiable soils are described. Finally, a
comprehensive evaluation of liquefaction damage during earthquakes is proposed.
This book has seven chapters. Chapter 1, the introduction, gives a preliminary
presentation of seismic hazards in the world, and liquefaction hazards are detailed
usingtypicalearthquakedamageexamples.Afterintroducingthesenaturalhazards,
current major components of liquefaction hazard analysis are reviewed.
In Chap. 2, major earthquakes and related liquefaction damage since the
beginning of this century worldwide are reviewed in detail. Conventional lique-
faction phenomena and macroscopic characteristics (e.g., sand boiling or sand
blows,groundcrackingorfissures,andlateralspread)aresummarizedbyanalyzing
observationsfromvariousearthquakes.Inaddition,severalnewphenomenarelated
to earthquakes in the twenty-first century are introduced.
Chapter 3 presents liquefaction potential evaluations based on in situ testing,
including the standard penetration, cone penetration, dynamic cone penetration or
Becker penetration, and wave velocity tests.
The next three chapters focus on dynamic behavior and deformation charac-
teristic analyses of seismic liquefaction by laboratory experiment (Chap. 4), cen-
trifugal shaking table testing (Chap. 5),and numerical simulation(Chap. 6). Inthe
v
vi Preface
above, accelerations, excess porewater pressures, and deformations are captured.
These are all useful for the prevention and control of geo-disasters.
Chapter 7 presents a comprehensive evaluation of liquefaction damage during
earthquakes in light of performance-based seismic design criteria and reliability
analyses.
Themechanismsanddeformationcharacteristicsofliquefactiondescribedinthis
book can provide a reference for safe construction and seismic assessment. This
will benefitgraduate students,engineers, andresearchers inthe fieldofgeological,
geotechnical, and civil engineering.
Our work in liquefaction analysis has been profoundly influenced by the con-
tributions of Prof. Atsushi Yashima and Prof. Kazuhide Sawada (Gifu University,
Japan),Prof.FengZhang(NagoyaInstituteofTechnology,Japan),andmanyothers
working inthis field. We expressour deep gratitude tothese illustrious scholars.
A number of former students in our research group at Tongji University are
gratefullyacknowledgedforcompilingthemanuscripts,especiallyMr.LiangHao,
Mr. Zhijing Zhuang, Dr. Ximiao Jiang, Mr. Chen Jin, Mr. Guanghui Li, Dr. Hu
Zheng, Dr. Wuwei Mao, and Dr. Weijie Zhang, who contributed to the compre-
hensive research work. Writing and editing were supported by Ph.D. students
Mr.LiuyuanZhao,Ms.LinWang,Mr.ChongqiangZhu,Ms.YangjuanBao,and
Mr. Min Xiong, and master’s students Mr. Wenbin Deng, Mr. Zhuoqiang Wen,
and Mr. Junjia Liu, and other group members.
WeexpressourdeepappreciationforfinancialsupportfromtheNationalNatural
Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41625011, 41372355, 40841014 and
40802070), National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) through
Grant No. 2012CB719803, National Key Technologies R&D Program of China
(Grant No. 2012BAJ11B04), and the Program of Shanghai Academic/Technology
Research Leader (Grant No.17XD1403700).
Finally, the authors would also like to thank the relevant publishers, including
Springer, Elsevier, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), John Wiley and
Sons,andNRCResearchPress,fortheirkindpermissiontoreusethecontentinthis
book.Thepermissionsincludeourpreviouslypublishedarticlesandotherscholars’
works in this field, which would support the completeness of this book and better
understanding for readers.
Because of our limited knowledge as well as time, there are some inevitable
omissionsanderrorsinthisbook.Therefore,wewelcomeallconstructivecriticism
and corrections toward continually improving the hazard analysis of seismic soil
liquefaction.
Shanghai, China Prof. Yu Huang
January 2017
Contents
1 Introduction.... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 1
1.1 Seismic Hazards and Related Liquefaction Damage
Worldwide . .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 1
1.2 Multi-approaches for Hazard Analysis of Seismic Soil
Liquefaction.... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 2
1.2.1 In Situ Test Analysis. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 3
1.2.2 Experimental Analysis.... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 4
1.2.3 Numerical Simulation .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 5
1.3 Book Outline ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 7
References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 8
2 Macroscopic Characteristics of Seismic Liquefaction.... ..... .... 11
2.1 Characteristics of Seismic Liquefaction .... .... .... ..... .... 11
2.1.1 Earthquakes Induced Widespread Liquefaction since
the Beginning of this Century.. .... .... .... ..... .... 11
2.1.2 Characteristics of Liquefaction Distribution.... ..... .... 11
2.1.3 Classification of Liquefaction Phenomena. .... ..... .... 12
2.1.4 Related Liquefaction Damage.. .... .... .... ..... .... 17
2.2 Case Study: Field Investigation of Liquefaction from the 2008
Wenchuan Earthquake ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 18
2.2.1 Introduction to Wenchuan Earthquake.... .... ..... .... 18
2.2.2 Survey Area .. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 18
2.2.3 Liquefaction Distribution and Characteristics .. ..... .... 19
2.2.4 Foundation Damage Related to Liquefaction
in the Dujiangyan Area... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 21
2.3 New Liquefaction Phenomena During Recent Earthquakes .. .... 28
2.4 Summary .. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 30
References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 31
vii
viii Contents
3 Liquefaction Potential Evaluation Based on In Situ Testing ... .... 35
3.1 Introduction to Liquefaction Evaluation Based
on In Situ Testing.... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 35
3.1.1 Liquefaction Evaluation Procedure Based on In Situ
Testing .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 35
3.1.2 Assessment of “Triggering” (Initiation) of Soil
Liquefaction .. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 35
3.1.3 Assessment of Liquefaction Resistance... .... ..... .... 38
3.2 In Situ Testing for Liquefaction Potential Evaluation.. ..... .... 40
3.2.1 Standard Penetration Test . .... .... .... .... ..... .... 41
3.2.2 Cone Penetration Test.... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 46
3.2.3 Wave Velocity Test.. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 48
3.2.4 Becker Penetration and Dynamic Penetration Tests... .... 50
3.3 Assessment of Site Liquefaction Potential and Seismic
Deformation.... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 51
3.3.1 Assessment of Site Liquefaction Potential. .... ..... .... 51
3.3.2 Assessment of Seismic Deformation. .... .... ..... .... 52
3.3.3 Case Study of Liquefaction Evaluation Based on SPT .... 54
3.4 Conclusions .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 56
References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 56
4 Laboratory Experimental Study on Dynamic Characteristics
of Liquefiable Soil... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 61
4.1 Introduction .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 61
4.2 Dynamic Triaxial Tests of Soil Dynamic Properties for Large
Strain Range.... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 63
4.2.1 Introduction of Dynamic Triaxial Tests... .... ..... .... 63
4.2.2 Laboratory Tests.... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 65
4.2.3 Test Analysis of Test Results .. .... .... .... ..... .... 71
4.3 Resonant Column Tests of Soil Dynamic Properties for Small
Strain Range.... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 75
4.3.1 Introduction of Resonant Column Tests .. .... ..... .... 75
4.3.2 Laboratory Tests.... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 76
4.4 Comprehensive Liquefaction Potential and Dynamic
Characteristic Analysis of a Reservoir Dam Foundation..... .... 78
4.4.1 Site Introduction.... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 78
4.4.2 Analysis of Standard Penetration Test Results . ..... .... 79
4.4.3 Analysis of Dynamic Triaxial Test Results.... ..... .... 81
4.4.4 Analysis of Resonant Column Test Result .... ..... .... 88
4.5 Summary .. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 91
References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 91
Contents ix
5 Physical Model Testing for Dynamic Characteristics of Seismic
Soil Liquefaction.... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 93
5.1 Introduction .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 93
5.2 Principles and Scaling Relationships in Geotechnical Centrifuge
Modeling .. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 94
5.2.1 Principles of Geotechnical Centrifuge Modeling..... .... 94
5.2.2 Scaling Relationships in Geotechnical Centrifuge
Modeling. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 97
5.3 Physical Model Testing for Dynamic Characteristics
of a Reservoir Dam Foundation .. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 100
5.3.1 Problem Description . .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 100
5.3.2 Dynamic Centrifuge Modeling Tests. .... .... ..... .... 101
5.3.3 Model Test Result Analysis ... .... .... .... ..... .... 108
5.3.4 Discussion.... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 115
5.4 Summary .. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 116
References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 117
6 Numerical Simulation for Deformation of Liquefiable Soils.... .... 119
6.1 Numerical Method ... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 119
6.2 Constitutive Models for Liquefiable Soils... .... .... ..... .... 120
6.2.1 Nonlinear Constitutive Model.. .... .... .... ..... .... 120
6.2.2 Cycle Elastoplastic Constitutive Model... .... ..... .... 123
6.3 Simulation and Analysis of Various Engineering Problems .. .... 127
6.3.1 Earth Embankment Foundation on Liquefiable Soils.. .... 127
6.3.2 Mitigation of Liquefaction-Induced Soil Deformation
of Sandy Ground Improved by Cement Grouting.... .... 131
6.4 Summary .. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 137
References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 138
7 Comprehensive Evaluation of Liquefaction Damage During
Earthquakes.... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 141
7.1 Introduction .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 141
7.2 Comprehensive Evaluation Methods of Seismic Liquefaction
Performance .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 142
7.2.1 Field Tests ... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 143
7.2.2 Laboratory Dynamic Test . .... .... .... .... ..... .... 144
7.2.3 Dynamic Centrifuge Model Test.... .... .... ..... .... 146
7.2.4 Security Evaluation of Seismic Liquefaction Based
on the PBSD Criteria .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 146
7.3 Case Study. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 151
7.4 Summary .. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 162
References.. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 164