Hay and straw conservation : for small-scale farming and pastoral conditions PDF
Preview Hay and straw conservation : for small-scale farming and pastoral conditions
HAY AND STRAW Ai CONSERVATION :.* Forsmall-scalefarming i and pastoral conditions .. ,..H1i1r •v»A, FAOPlantProductionandProtectionSeries No.29 HAYAND STRAW CONSERVATION Forsmall-scalefarming andpastoralconditions by J.M.Suttie FOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONOFTHEUNITEDNATIONS Rome,2000 Thedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofthematerial inthisinformationproductdonotimplytheexpressionofany opinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheFoodandAgriculture OrganizationoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusof anycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,or concerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries. Thedesignations“developed”and“developing"economiesare intendedforstatisticalconvenienceanddonotnecessarilyexpress ajudgementaboutthestagereachedbyaparticularcountry, territoryorareainthedevelopmentprocess. ISBN92-5-104458-9 Allrightsreserved.Reproductionanddisseminationofmaterialinthis informationproductforeducationalorothernon-commercialpurposesare authorizedwithoutanypriorwrittenpermissionfromthecopyrightholders pinrfoovrimdaetdiotnheprsooduurcctefiosrfurlelsyaaleckonrowoltehdegrecdo.mmReerpcriodaulctpiuornpoosfemsatiesriparlohiinbittheids withoutwrittenpermissionofthecopyrightholders.Applicationsforsuch permissionshouldbeaddressedtotheChief,PublishingandMultimedia Service,InformationDivision,FAO,VialedelleTermediCaracalla,00100 Rome,[email protected] ©FAO2000 Copyrightedmaterial -Ill- FOREWORD Grazinglandscoveravastareaoftheearth’ssurface,andareasourceof livelihoodtomanyfarmersandpastoralists,buttheyrarelyprovideadequate year-round feed, in terms ofboth quantity and quality, to support highly productive livestock. Sincegreen herbage isonlyavailable seasonally in mostregions,theprovisionoffeedfordeficitseasonshasalwaysbeena majorconcerninmanylivestockproductionsystems. Hayistheoldestandmostimportantconservedfodder,anditcanbe madewithsimpleequipment,manuallyorwithmechanization. Manysmall- scale fannersmakehayandstorecropresiduestocarry livestockthrough periodsofshortage. Practicesvaryindifferentpartsoftheworld,butfollow somebasicprinciples. Theresidues,strawsandstoversofthemain field crops, which represent about halfofthe biomass produced, are used as ruminantfeed,althoughtheygenerallyrequiresupplementation. Sincethese residuesareavailableon-farm,someextracareintheirharvest,storageand useisoftenwellworthwhile. FAOhaslongemphasizedtheimportanceofforageanditspositionin farming systems, particularly for small-scale producers. This publication discusseshay,haycropsandcropresiduesinawiderangeofsituations,as essential components offodder management in livestock production, and drawsonexamplesfrommanypartsoftheworld. Itaddressestechnicians, advisers and extension workers dealing with the small-scale farming, traditionalsectorsanddevelopmentprojects.Itcoversawiderangeofissues, frombasicprinciplestoaseriesofcasestudies,illustratingthepracticesand someoftheproblemsofhaymakingindevelopingcountries. ThemanuscriptwaspreparedbyJ.M. Suttie,whoretired from FAO recently. Itusesmuchinformationcollectedinthefieldduringmanyyears with the Organization. It is hoped that this publication will assist the Copyrightedmaterial improvement offodderconservation, and thus oflivestock husbandry, by small-scalefarmersandpastoralists. ThanksareparticularlyduetoCaterinaBatelloandStephenReynoldsof the Grassland and Pasture Crops Group for ensuring that the book was broughttopublication. MarcioPorto Chief CropandGrasslandService(AGPC) PlantProductionandProtectionDivision Copyrightedmaterial -V- Contents Foreword iii Acronymsusedinthetext ix Acknowledgements x Executivesummary 2d INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTERil HAYMAKING Typesofhay Principles Themainoperationsinhaymaking Lossesinhaymaking Haymaking Practiceandequipment Manualhaymaking Haymakingusingdraughtanimalpower Simplemechanization Modemsystems Storage CHHAAPYTCERROIPIIS -CULTIVATIONMETHODS Landpreparation Seedandplantingmaterial &£££ Irrigatedhay CHAPTERIV ESTABLISHMENTANDCULTIVATIONOFSPECIALIZED CROPSFORHAY Establishingpasturegasses KKK Legumeestablishmentandseedtreatment CHAPTERV HAYCROPS -CEREALSANDGRASSES CEREALSASHAYCROPS Small-graincereals GIS&K Hayfromcoarsegrains GRASSESFORHAY fcJ CHHLAAPEYTGCEURRMOEVPISS -LEGUMESANDPULSES GG Copyrightedmaterial -VI- Trefoils 82 Lucerne,alfalfa 88 Sweetclovers 95 Clovers 97 OTHERLEGUMES 106 PULSECROPSFORHAY 111 CHAPTERVll HAYFROMNATURALPASTURE 115 Choiceoflandforhaymaking 116 Communallymanagedhay-lands 117 Thequalityproblemoftropicalgrasses 117 Typesofnaturalhay 119 Naturalhayintemperateareas 122 Hayfromshrubs 123 Managementofnaturalhaylands 125 Haymaking 126 CHAPTERVlll CHOICEOFHAYCROPS 129 Crops,cultivarsandclimate 129 Factorsaffectingcropchoice 131 Leanseasonfeedingstrategies 138 Haycropsfordifferentclimates 141 Humidandsub-humidtropicalandsubtropicalzones 141 Distinctwet-and-dryseasonzones 145 Mediterraneanlands 148 Aridandsemi-aridzones 150 Winter-coldzones 151 CHAPTERIX DRYCROPRESIDUES 153 Straw 156 Stover 160 Traditionalstorageandutilizationsystems 162 Betterharvestingandstoring 163 Strawtreatment 164 Otherfieldcrops 167 CHAPTERX USINGHAYANDDRYRESIDUES 171 Seasonalplanning 175 Feedingvaluesofsomedriedforages 182 Copyrightedmaterial E VII- Treatmentofcropresidues(andpoorhay) 186 CHAPTERXI CASESTUDIES L89 CHaAseYMStAuKdyIN1.GINETHIOPIA 141 CaseStudy2. LAPRODUCTIONDEFQ1NAUSAHELETENSAYAN ENAFRIQUEDEL’OUEST [HayintheSahelandSavannahzonesofWestAfrica! 197 EnglishSummary 197 CaseStudy3. HAYINERZERUMPROVINCE-EASTERNTURKEY 1U CaseStudy4, HIRARYIDGEATVEEDLOHPAMYEINNTALITNACIHKIHNAAZ-A1.KPREFECTURE,XINJIANG (Afullytranshumantsystemadoptingirrigatedhayforwinteruse) 217 CaseStudy5. HAYDEVELOPMENTINCHINA-2. LEGUMEHAYINLIAONING (Afarmingcommunityfatteninglivestock) 223 CaseStudy6. HAYDEVELOPMENTINCHINA-3. FODDERFORENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENT ONTHELOESSPLATEAU (Erosioncontrolanddevelopmentthroughforestryand pastureinXijiCounty,NingxiaAutonomousRegion) 225 CaseStudy7. HAYANDSTRAWINAFGHANISTAN (Fodderconservationforlongwinters) 229 CHaAsYeSFtRudOyM8.NATURALPASTUREINMONGOLIA (Thechangefromcooperativetoprivatestock-rearing inapurelypastoraleconomy) 237 CaseStudy9. HAYANDCROPRESIDUESINPAKISTAN-1. HAYANDFODDERINMIXEDSYSTEMSANDFORSALE 244 CaseStudy10. HAYANDCROPRESIDUESINPAKISTAN-2. HAYINTHENORTHERNAREAS Copyrightedmaterial -VIII- (Asettledcommunitywithsometranshumantstock) 249 CHaAsYeSAtNudDyC11R.OPRESIDUESININDIAANDNEPAL THESITUATIONININDIA 25.) HAYINNEPAL 2M CaseStudy12. IANI.FTAHIE,FCAHHAACYOP-RAODSUECMIT-IAORNIDRVRESGMIAO1N,1.I-NSCSAAlNF.TFIAAGROMFRS DELESTEROPROVINCE,N\VARGENTINA 267 CaseStudy13. DRY-SEASONFEEDING:ACASESTUDYFROMNICARAGUA277 CHAPTERXll SMALL-SCALEFARMHAYINTHEFUTURE 281 Hay 281 Cropresidues 284 Technologytransferandtraining 284 BIBLIOGRAPHY Part1. Generalreading 287 Part Referencescitedintext 288 AnGnLeOxS1SARYOFCROPSMENTIONEDINTHETEXT 2.95 INDEX 222 Copyrightedmaterial -IX- ACRONYMSUSEDINTHETEXT ADF aciddetergentfibre ARC AgriculturalResearchCouncil CP crudefibre DM drymatter EE etherextract GDP grossdomesticproduct GNP grossnationalproduct K potassium N nitrogen NDF neutraldetergentfibre NFE nitrogen-freeextractives P phosphorus PGS puregerminatingseed TDN totaldigestiblenutrients[obsolescentunit] Copyrightedmaterial
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