Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology PDF
Preview Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology
This page intentionally left blank Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia AnEssayinHistoricalAnthropology Thepowerofananthropologicalapproachtolong-termhistorylies initsuniqueabilitytocombinediverseevidence,fromarchaeological artifactstoethnographictextsandcomparativewordlists.Inthis innovativebook,KirchandGreenexplicitlydevelopthetheoretical underpinnings,aswellastheparticularmethods,forsuchahistorical anthropology.Drawinguponandintegratingtheapproachesof archaeology,comparativeethnography,andhistoricallinguistics,they advanceaphylogeneticmodelforculturaldiversification,andapplya triangulationmethodforhistoricalreconstruction.Theyillustrate theirapproachthroughmeticulousapplicationtothehistoryofthe Polynesiancultures,andforthefirsttimereconstructinextensive detailtheAncestralPolynesianculturethatflourishedinthe Polynesianhomeland–Hawaiki–some2,500yearsago.Ofgreat significanceforOceanicstudies,KirchandGreen’sbookwillbe essentialreadingforanyanthropologist,prehistorian,linguist,or culturalhistorianconcernedwiththetheoryandmethodoflong- termhistory. patrick vinton kirch isProfessorofAnthropology,andDirector ofthePhoebeA.HearstMuseum,attheUniversityofCaliforniaat Berkeley.AmemberoftheNationalAcademyofSciences,hehas authoredsometenpreviousbooksonPacificarchaeologyand prehistory,includingAnahulu:TheAnthropologyofHistoryintheKingdom ofHawaii(1992)(co-authoredwithMarshallSahlins),whichwonthe J.I.StaleyPrizeinAnthropology. roger c. green isEmeritusProfessorofPrehistoryattheUniver- sityofAuckland,NewZealand.AmemberoftheNationalAcademy ofSciencesandaFellowoftheRoyalSocietyofNewZealand,heis theauthorofseveralimportantmonographsonPacificIslands archaeologyandprehistory. Frontispiece:MataoTangaloa(‘‘FaceofTangaloa’’),byFatuFeu’u Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia An Essay in Historical Anthropology PATRICK VINTON KIRCH UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley and ROGERC. GREEN UniversityofAuckland,NewZealand Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambrid ge.org/9780521783095 © Cambridge University Press 2001 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2001 - isbn-13 978-0-511-06700-6 eBook (NetLibrary) - isbn-10 0-511-06700-3 eBook (NetLibrary) - isbn-13 978-0-521-78309-5 hardback - isbn-10 0-521-78309-7 hardback isbn--13 978-0-521-78879-3 paperback - isbn-10 0-521-78879-X paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. To Th´er`ese and Valerie, for their love and support; and to the late Bruce Biggs, preeminent Polynesian linguist Contents Listoffigures page viii Listoftables x Preface xiii Listoflanguageabbreviations xvi Prologue:onhistoricalanthropology 1 PartI Thephylogeneticmodel:theoryandmethod 1 Thephylogeneticmodelinhistoricalanthropology 13 2 Methodologies:implementingthephylogeneticmodel 32 3 Polynesiaasaphylogeneticunit 53 PartII RediscoveringHawaiki Introductoryremarks 95 4 TheAncestralPolynesianworld 99 5 Subsistence 120 6 Foodpreparationandcuisine 143 7 Materialculture 163 8 Socialandpoliticalorganization 201 9 Gods,ancestors,seasonsandrituals 237 Epilogue:onhistory,phylogeny,andevolution 277 Notes 285 Glossaryofterms 313 References 317 SubjectIndex 357 IndexofProtoPolynesianReconstructions 369 vii Figures Frontispiece MataoTangaloa(‘‘FaceofTangaloa’’), page ii byFatuFeu‘u 1.1 MapofthePolynesiantriangleandthePolynesianOutliers 17 1.2 Kirch’s1984modelofphylogeneticdifferentiationinPolynesia 20 2.1 Thehigher-levelsubgroupingoftheAustronesianlanguages, downtotheOceaniclevel 39 2.2 Thegeographicdistributionofhigher-levelsubgroupsinthe Austronesianphylum 40 3.1 ThemajorsubgroupsofOceanicforma‘‘rake-like’’ treestructure 56 3.2 Thegeographicdistributionofmajorsubgroupswithinthe OceanicbranchofAustronesianlanguages 57 3.3 TheProtoCentralPacificdialectchain 58 3.4 North–southdialectdifferentiationwithinProtoPolynesian 59 3.5 A‘‘family-tree’’typeclassificationofthePolynesianlanguages 61 3.6 IslandsintheFiji–WesternPolynesianregionlinkedby voyagingcirclesof24hoursorless 62 3.7 ThePacificregionwithNearOceania,RemoteOceania,and theAndesiteLineand‘‘continental’’typeislandsindicated 64 3.8 CanoeregionsofthePacific 67 3.9 Thegeographicdistributionofsiblingclassificationtypes inOceania 68 3.10 RelationshipsamongPolynesianbiologicalpopulationsas indicatedbydistanceanalysisofthirty-eightnon-metric cranialtraits 75 3.11 Agraphicrepresentationofthe‘‘density’’ofavailable archaeologicalinformationfor majorPolynesiancultural sequences 76 3.12 LocationsofkeyarchaeologicalsitesdatingtotheAncestral Polynesianphase 84 4.1 ThecentralPacificregion,showingthelocationoftheAndesite Line 108 4.2 Thehierarchicalstructuretypicaloffolkbiologicalclassifications 110 viii
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