Hatshepsut : from Queen to Pharaoh

2005·19.2 MB·English

by  Roehrig, Catharine H

HATSHEPSUT
FROM QUEEN TO PHARAOH
THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART
HATSHEPSUT
CapyrighledmaEnal

HATSHEPSUT
FROM QUEEN TO PHARAOH
EditedbyCadiarineH.Roehrig
withReneeDreyfusandCathleenA.Keller
THEMETROPOLITANMUSEUMOFART,NEWYORK
YALEUNIVERSITYPRESS,NEWHAVENANDLONDON
CapyrighledmaEnal
—
Thisvolumeispublishedinconjunctionwiththeexhibition"Hatshepsut:FromQueento Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyform
Pharaoh,"heldattheFineArtsMuseumsofSanFrancisco/deYoungfromOctober15, orbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,orany
2005,tt>Februaryj,2006;atTheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork,from informationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers.
March28toJuly9,2006;andattheKimbellArtMusemn,FortWorth,fromAugust27to
December31,2006. NewphotographyofworksintheMetropolitanMuseiuncollectionbyBruceSchvarz,the
PhotographStudio^TheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork
TheexhibitionissupportedinpartbytheNationalEndowmentfortheHumanities,
afederalagency. TypesetinFoumier
Printedon130gsmR-400
TheexhibitionattheFineArtsMuseumsofSanFrancisco/deYoungismadepossiblein SeparationsbyProfessionalGraphics,Inc.,Rockford,IlUnois
partbytheNationalEndowmentfortheArts,afederalagency. PrintedandboundbyCSGraphicsPTE,LTD,Singapore
TheexhibitionatTheMetropolitanMuseumofArtismadepossiblebyDorothyand Jacket/coverillustrations:(Front)detail,statueofHatshepsutasfemaleking(cat.na95);
LewisB.Cullman. (back)thetemplesofMentuhotepIIandHatshepsutatDeirel-Bahriin1953,before
restoration
TheexhibitioncatalogueismadepossiblebyTheAdelaideMiltondeGrootFundatthe
MetropolitanMuseum,inmemoryofthedeGrootandHawleyfamilies. Frontispiece:HeadofastameofHatshepsutasreassembledfromfragmentsdiscoveredin
westernThebes,1928(seecat.na96)
TheexhibitionwasorganizedbyTheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork,andthe
FineArtsMuseumsofSanFrancisca Onpagexvi;Detail,reliefdepictingrunningsoldiers(cat.na82a)
TheexhibitionissupportedbyanindemnityfromtheFederalCouncilontheArtsandthe LibraryofCongressCatalo^g-in-PublicationData
Humanities.
Hatshepsut:fromQueentoPharaoh/editedbyCatharineH.Roehr^,withRenee
PublishedbyTheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork DreyfusandCathleenA.Keller,
p.cm.
JohnP.O'Neill,EditorinChief CataloguetoanexhibitionattheMHdeYoungMemorialMuseum,SanFrancisco,
JaneBobkoandRuthLurieKozodoy,Editors fromOctober15,2005,toFebruary5,2006;atTheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork,
BruceCampbell,Designer fromMarch28toJuly9,2006;andattheKimbellArtMuseum,FortWorth,August27to
AnandaroopRoy,MapsandGenealogyDesigner December31,2006.
PDeotuegrlAanstJo.nMya,liCchkiie,fPPrroodduuccttiioonnMMaannaaggeerr IInScBlNude1s-5b8i8b3l9i-o1g7r2a-p8hi(chaalrrdecfoevreern)c—es^aInSdBNin1d-e5x8.839-173-6(pbk.)—^ISBN0-300-11139-8
JMJaainynejneeSe.KCTuahcioh,,nPaDi,ecsBmikrbteloiCpoogPorurabdplihiinscahtEiodnrigtor (AYratl—eIU.EnxHihavitebsirhtseiipotsnyust.P,re3Q.ssuP)eheanraoofhsE—gypEtxh—ibEixthiiobnist.io1n.sR.oe2.hrH^at,sChaetphsuatr,inQeuHe.en11o.fDErgeyyfputs,
Renee.IILKeller,CathleenA.IV.M.H.DeYoungMemorialMuseum.V.Metropolitan
Copyright©2005TheMetrf^olitanMuseumofArt,NewYork MuseumofArt(NewYork,N.Y.)VI.KimbellArtMuseum.
D93T28'7..oi145'.oH923—78d2c0i025 2005020286
Contents
Directors'Foreword TT.HATSHF.PSTTTANDHFRCOURT
Acknowledgments HATSHEPSUT:PrincesstoQueentoCo-Ruler
T.pndprstotheF.xhihition PeterF.Dorman 87
ContributorstotheCatalogue THFTOMRofRAMOSFANDHATNEFER
ListofMapsandPlans PeterF.Dorman gi
Notetothe.Reader THEJOINTREIGNOFHATSHEPSUTAND
INTRODUCTION CatharineH.Roehrig, THUTMOSEIII CathleenA.Keller <j6
ReneeDreyfus,andCathleenA.Keller
Chronology:Kingdom,Dynastic,andRegnalDates THFROYAT.COURT CathleenA.Keller loi
GenealogyofHatshepsut'sFamily TheRoyalSteward,Senenmut
T..SFTIINaJHESCUKE THEPetCerAFR.EDEorRmaOnFSF.NENMUT 107
MODELSOFAUTHORITY:Hatshepsut's
PredecessorsinPower AnnMacyRoth 9 SENENMUT,ROYALTUTORTOPRINCESSNEFERURE
CatharineH.Roehrig 112
THKBITBIAT.OFABOYAI.WOMANANDCHTI.nOFTHF
LATESEVENTEENTHDYNASTY CatharineH.Roehrig 15 THESTATUARYOFSENENMUT CathleenA.Keller 117
ARTINTRANSITION:TheRiseoftheEighteenth THEtombsOFSENENMUT PeterF.Dorman 13J
DynastyandtheEmergenceoftheThutmosideStylein
SculptureandRelief EdnaR.Russmann 23 III.HATSHEPSUT'SBUILDINGPROJECTS
PATNTINCINTHRFARTYFIGHTFKNTHDYNASTY DiESER-DTESERU
CatharineH.Roehrig 44 THFTKMPT.EOFHATSHEPSUTATDETR
Egypt'sContactswithNeighboringCultures EL-BAHRI DieterArnold 135
EGYPTANDNUBIA:ConflictwiththeKingdom FOUNDATTONPFPOSITSFORTHFTFMPT.FOF
ofKush IV.VivianDavies 42 HATSHEPSUTATDFIRFT.-RAHRT
CatharineH.Roehrig 141
EinGthYePMTateAriNalDReTcHorEdNECAhRrisEtiAneSLTi:lyqEuviisdtenceofContac6t0 HATSHEPSUT'S MORTUARYTEMPLEATDEIR
ET.-RAHRT:ArchitectureasPoliticalStatement
GLASS CatharineH.Roehrig 67 AnnMacyRoth 147
THFTOMBOFMATHKRPKRTTNTHF,VAT.T.FYOFTHFKINGS THFSTATUARYOFHATSHEPSUT
CatharineH.Roehrig 70 CathleenA.Keller
EGYPTANDTHEAEGEAN:CulturalConvergence THESHRINESTOHATHORATDEIREL-BAHRI
inaThutmosidePalaceatAvaris ManfredBietak 75 DianaCraigPatch 173
THEROLEOFAMUN JamesP.Allen 83
FAIENCEBOWLS SusanJ.Allen 176 TheDestructionofHatshf.psut'sMemory
THETEMPLEOFMUT:NewEvidenceon THEPROSCRTPTTONOFHATSHFPSIJT
Hatshepsut'sBuildingActivity BetsyM.Bryan PeterF.Dnrman 267
THETWOTOMBSOFHATSHF.PSUT THAHTESDHFEPSSTIRJUTCFTRTOOMNDOKFTTRHEET-SBTAAHTRUTESOF
CatharineH.Roehrig
DorotheaArnold 270
ERASINGAREIGN AnnMacyRoth im
JEWELRYINTHEEARLYEIGHTEENTHDYNASTY
DianaCraigPatch 191 VI,THEAFTERMATH
COSMETICEQUIPMENT DianaCraigPatch _2Ij TELH-EBATHEMRIPLEJOaFdwTigHaULiTpiMriOskSaEITTATDETR 285
HPAOTTSTHEERYPSAUNTDASNTDONTHFUVTEMSOSSEELSIIIINTHSEusRaFnTJG.NAlOlFen 223 ACHRONOLOGY:TheLaterHistoryandExcavations
oftheTempleofHatshepsutatDeirel-Bahri
FIGUREVASES CatharineH.Roehrig Dornthe.aArnold 290
ANIMALVASES ReneeDreyfus _242 HATSHEPSUT'SREPUTATIONINHISTORY
METALWORK ReneeDreyfus 245 CathleenA.Keller 294
FURNITUREANDCARPENTRY ReneeDreyfus 254 Appendix:InscriptionsofSenenmut 229
Glossary 303
tOSCRTPTION Bibliography 307
AFTERHATSHEPSUT:TheMilitaryCampaignsof Index 23i
ThutmoseIII famesP.Allen 261 PhotographCredits 340
VI
Directors'Foreword
WhilemodernEuropehashadanumberofextraordi- Museum'sEgyptianExpedition;anumberofthestatuesreconstruct-
ntiamreysr—uloinngewtohmineknswohfoEnsghlaap—nedd'tsheElhiizsatboertyhofIthaenidr eadccformopmantiheesdebfyrareglmieefnstsfrfoomrmthtehteecmoprlee,ofsttahtiuseesxrheipbrietisoenn.tiTnhgemyeamr-e
Victoria,andRussia'sCatherinetheGreat theircounterpartsin bersofHatshepsut'scourt,andworksinawiderangeofother
antiquityarerare.IntheancientNearEast,suchfiguresarecon- media,amongthempaintings,jewelry,furniture,stoneware,and
spicuouslyabsent(theadventuresofthefabledAssyrianqueen pottery,thatexemplifytheexceptionalartisticachievementofthis
Semiramus,althoughbasedonarealindividual,wereprimarilya importantperiodinEgypt'shistory.
productofHerodotus'sfertileimagination).Egypt'sCleopatra Theexhibitionmarksadoublecelebrationfortheorganizing
loomslargemoreforherromanticexploitsthanherhistorical institutions:inSanFrancisco,theopeningof"Hatshepsut"in
legacy.OneEgyptianqueenstandsapart,however:Hatshepsut, October2005coincideswiththeinauguration,bytheFineArts
whoruledEgyptforsometwodecadesatthebeginningofthe MuseumsofSanFrancisco,ofthenewdeYoungmuseuminGolden
fifteenthcenturyB.C.Astrongandeffectivepharaoh,sheoversaw GatePark;andinNewYork,theopeninginMarch2006celebrates
aculturalrenaissancethatinfluencedtheartsinEgyptformore thehundredthanniversaryoftheMetropolitanMuseum'sDepart-
thanamillennium. mentofEgyptianArt,whoseearliestcuratorsandexcavators
"Hatshepsut:FromQueentoPharaoh"isthefirstmajorexhibi- broughttolightmanyoftheworksondisplayintheexhibition.
tiontotracethestoryandimpactofthisremarkablewoman,bring- Wewishtoexpressouradmirationandgratitudetothecurators
ingtogetherthemostimportantsculpturesandotherworksofart whoconceivedandorganizedthisexhibition:ReneeDreyfusatthe
thathavesurvivedfromherreign.Complexcircumstances,colored FineArtsMuseumsofSanFrancisco,CatharineH.Roehrigatthe
bbryoutghhetiHnattrsichaetpesurtulteospoowferrooyanlthienhdeeraitthaoncfehearnhdusibnatnedrm—arfriirastgea,s MCeatUrfoopronliiat,aBnerMkuesleeyu.m,WeanedxtCeantdhloeuernpAr.ofKeolulnedroafndthheeaUrntifveeltrstihtaynkosf
co-regentwithheryoungstepson-nephewThutmoseIII,andthen tothemanymuseumsinEuropeandAmerica,andtoDr.Zahi
asco-ruler.Havingachievedkingship,shewasofficiallyacknowl- HawassandtheSupremeCouncilofAntiquitiesofEgypt,whogen-
edgedasafemalepharaoh,althoughinconformitywiththe erouslyagreedtolendkeyworkstotheexhibition.
Egyptianideologyofrulershipshewasoftenrepresentedinartasa Nomajorexhibitionispossiblewithoutsignificantfinancialsup-
man.Afterherdeath,Hatshepsut'smonumentsweredestroyedand port,andwearemostgratefiiltothosewhoseimportantcontribu-
hernameomittedfromsubsequentEgyptiankinglists.Allmemory tionshavealloweddiisprojecttocometofruition.Agrantfromthe
ofherreignwaslostuntilthemid-nineteenthcentury,when NationalEndowmentfortheHumanities,afederalagency,sup-
HatshepsutwasrediscoveredbyEgyptologistsandherplaceinhis- ports,inpart,theexhibitionattheFineArtsMuseumsofSan
toryrestored.Whiletheobliterationofhermemorywasonce FranciscoandtheMetropolitanMuseum.AttheFineArtsMuseums
explainedasanactofretributiononthepartofhersuccessor,and ofSanFrancisco,theexhibitionissupportedbyagrantfrom
morecurrenttheoriesproposethatthemotivewassafeguardingthe theNationalEndowmentfortheArts,afederalagency.Atthe
rojralsuccession,thereasonsforthisextraordinarydamnadomemo- MetropolitanMuseum,theexhibitionismadepossiblebyDorothy
riaearestillnotentirelyclear. andLewisB.Cullman.Theexhibitionissupportedbyanindemnity
Recentarchaeologicalfindsandscholarshipindicatethat fromtheFederalCouncilontheArtsandtheHumanities.Thepub-
Hatshepsut'slargelypeacefijlandprosperousreignprovidedthe licationofthisexhibitioncataloguewasmadepossiblebythe
impetusforaperiodofgreatartisticinnovationandcreativityand MetropolitanMuseum'sAdelaideMiltondeGrootFund,inmemory
laidthegroundworkforthe"goldenage"oftheNewKingdomthat ofthedeGrootandHawleyfamilies.
wiisnahsweertsomtfoeorrltnluoTwa.hreyHbatetessm.hpelIptessauttteDr'seriamrcoesedtl-amBraacghhrniiitefncietcauerrnett,hsesucVruavlliplvteiuyrnego,fmaotnhneduKmliaennngdts- Director,FineArtsMuseuHmasrorfySSa.nPFarraknecrisIcIoI
scapecombinetoformoneoftheworld'sgreatestarchitecturalmas- PhilippedeMontebello
terpieces.WithinafewdecadesofHatshepsut'sdeath,however,the Director,TheMetropolitanMttseumofArt
statuesthatmadeupthetemple'sricharrayhadbeenremovedand
hackedtopieces.Inthe1920sand1930s,thousandsoffragments TimothyPotts
wereuncoveredduringexcavationscarriedoutbytheMetropolitan Director,KimbellArtMuseum
vii
Acknowledgments
An
exhibitionofthisscopeinevitablyinvolvesthe Whitehouse,ChezzyBrownen,andJulieClements;Museedu
effortsofagreatnumberofpeople.Wewouldliketo Louvre, Paris: Henri Loyrette, Christiane Ziegler, and
extendourgratitudetothemuseumdirectors,admin- ChristopheBarbotiti;theUniversityofPennsylvaniaMuseum
istrators,anddepartmentchiefswhohaveapprovedloansfrom ofArchaeologyandAnthropology,Philadelphia:JeremyA.
theircollections,andtothecurators,conservators,andinnu- Sabloff,DavidP.Silverman,JenniferHouserWegner,and
merablesupportstaffwhohavefacilitatedtheseloans. JuanaDahlan;MuseoBarracco,Rome:AnnaMuraSommella,
Ourthanksgofirsttothedirectorsofthemuseumsthat EugenioLaRocca,andMarisitaNota;AgyptischeSammlung
organizedtheexhibition: PhilippedeMontebelloofThe derUniversitatTubingen:KarolaZibelius-Chen(retired)and
MetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork,andHarryS.ParkerIII ChristianLeitz;MuseodelleAntichitaEgizie,Turin:Marina
oftheFineArtsMuseumsofSanFrancisco.Withouttheir SapelliRagni,AnnaMariaDonadoniRoveri(retired),Eleni
supportthisenterprisecouldnothavebeenrealized.Wealso Vassilika,andElvirad'Amicone.
wishtothankTimothyPotts,DirectoroftheKimbellArt LoansfromEgyptcouldnothavebeensecuredwithoutthe
Museum,FortWorth,whoseinterestintheprojectdatesalmost cooperationofZahiHawass,DirectorGeneraloftheSupreme
fromitsinception. CouncilofAntiquitiesofEgypt;MahmoudMabrouk,Director
Special thanksgoto our colleagues at the following GeneralofEgyptianMuseums;andWafaaEl-Saddik,Directorof
EuropeanandAmericanmuseumswhoseassistanceinthis theEgyptianMuseum,Cairo.Ourappreciationisextendedtothe
undertakingwasessential:BancroftLibrary,Universityof membersofthePermanentCommitteeoftheSupremeCouncil
California, Berkeley: Charles Faulhaber, Anthony Bliss, ofAntiquitiesandtheHighCommitteeforExhibitions.We
and Todd Hickey; PhoebeApperson Hearst Museum of wouldalsoliketothankthemanystaffmembersattheEgyptian
Anthropology,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley:Douglas MuseumandinLuxorwhohavehelpedfacilitatetheloans.
Sharon and Joan Knudsen; Agyptisches Museum und WewouldliketothankDietrichWildunginBerlin,Richard
Papyrussammlung, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin: Dietrich FazziniinBrooklyn,WafaaEl-SaddikinCairo,andSylvia
WildungandKarlaKroeper;MuseoCivicoArcheologico, Schoske ofthe Staatliche Sammlung Agyptischer Kunst,
Bologna:CristianaMorigiGoviandDanielaPicchi;Museumof Munich,forallowingustoincludeinthecatalogueanumberof
FineArts,Boston:MalcolmRogers,RitaE.Freed,Lawrence importantworksthatcouldnottraveltothethreeexhibition
Berman,andYvonneMarkowitz;BrooklynMuseum:Arnold venuesowingtotheirfragilityorimportancetotheirhomecol-
Lehman,RichardFazzini,EdnaR.Russmann,MadeleineCody, lections.OthercolleagueswhodeserveourthanksareJoanna
andKathyZurek;MuseesRoyauxd'Artetd'Histoire,Brussels: Aksamit,MarcEtienne,JanuszKarkowski,NanetteKelekian,
Anne Cahen-Delhaye and Luc Limme; the Fitzwilliam ArielleKozloff,JaromirMalek,GenevievePierrat-Bonnefois,
Museum,Cambridge:DuncanRobinson,DavidScrase,Lucilla StephenG.J.Quirke,Marie-FranjoisedeRosieres,PatriciaA.
Burn,Sally-AnnAshton,andThyrzaSmith;theFieldMuseum, Spencer,PaulStanwick,ZbigniewSzafranski,andGiuseppina
Chicago:DorrenMartin-Ross,BennetBronson,andChapurukha CapriottiVittozzi.
Kusimba;theNationalMuseumsofScotland,Edinburgh:David ThephotographsofobjectsintheMetropolitanMuseum'scol-
Caldwell,ElizabethGoring,Lesley-AnnLiddiard,Katherine lectionweretakenbyBruceSchwarzoftheMuseum'sPhoto-
Eremin, and Michelle Foster-Davies; Kestner-Museum, graphStudio;hewasalsoallowedtophotographobjects
Hannover (Germany): Wolfgang Schepers, Rosemarie belongingtotheLouvre,inParis,andfiveworksfromtheBritish
Drenkhahn(retired),andChristianLoeben;Roemer-und MuseumthatwereshowninatravelingexhibitioninMontreal.
Pelizaeus-Museum,Hildesheim:KatjaLembke,EleniVassilika InParisweweregreatlyassistedbyChristopheBarbotin,
(former director), Bettina Schmitz; Rijksmuseum van CatherineBridonneau,andMarie-Fran9oisedeRosieres,andin
Oudheden,Leiden:J.R.Magendans,MaartenRaven,Marianne CanadabyPaulTellieroftheMuseedesBeaux-Artsde
Stauthamer; AgyptischesMuseumderUniversitatLeipzig: Montreal;NealSpencer,NicLee,andJohnHaymanofthe
Hans-WolfgangFischer-Elfert,FriederikeKampp-Seyfried;the BritishMuseum;andDottyCanadyoftheAmericanFederation
BritishMuseum,London:NeilMacGregor,W.VivianDavies, ofArts.SpecialthanksalsogotoBarbaraBridgers,Susan
NigelStrudwick,NealSpencer,andClaireMessenger;the MelickBresnan,RobertGoldman,andTeresaChristiansenof
AshmoleanMuseum,Oxford:ChristopherBrown,HelenV. theMetropolitan'sPhotographStudio,andtoJulieZeftel,
viii
DeannaD.Cross,andCarolE.LekarewinthePhotographand Finally,ourthanksgotoourcolleaguesatTheMetropolitan
SlideLibrary. MuseumofArt.Weexpressourappreciationforthesupport,in
Wearealsogratefulforthecooperationofthephotography theDirector'sOffice,ofMahrukhTarapor,AssociateDirector
departmentsandphotographersofthelendinginstitutions,many forExhibitions/DirectorforInternationalAffairs,Geneva
ofwhichprovidedspecificviewsoftheobjectsatourrequest.Our Office;MarthaDeese,SeniorAdministratorforExhibitions;
specialthanksgotothefollowingpeople:MuseumofFineArts, andHeatherWoodward,AssistantforExhibitions.
Boston:LisbethDion,ErinM.A.Sleigh;BrooklynMuseum: ThishandsomecataloguewasproducedbytheEditorial
RuthJanson;MuseesRoyauxd'Artetd'Histoire,Brussels: DepartmentoftheMetropolitanMuseum.JohnP.O'Neill,
FlorenceBranquart;theFitzwilliamMuseum,Cambridge:Diane EditorinChiefandGeneralManagerofPublications,provided
Hudson,AndrewMorris,andthePhotographyDepartment;the essentialguidancethroughoutthewritingandproductionofthe
FieldMuseum,Chicago:JericeBarrios;theNationalMuseumsof book.JaneBobkoandRuthLurieKozodoyshoulderedthebulk
Scotland, Edinburgh: Helen Osmani and Leslie Florence; ofthe editing, with considerable assistance from Carol
Kestner-Museum,Hannover:ChristianTepper;Rijksmuseumvan FuersteinaswellasthecollaborationofMargaretAspinwall
Oudheden,Leiden:PeterJanBomhofandAnnekedeKemp;the andEmilyWalter.JayneKuchnaeditedtheformidablebibliog-
BritishMuseum,London: SandraMarshall;theAshmolean raphy,andRobertPalmerpreparedtheindex.BruceCampbell
Museum,Oxford:thePhotographicDepartment;theUniversity designedthecatalogue;PeterAntonyandDouglasJ.Malicki
ofPennsylvaniaMuseumofArchaeologyandAnthropology, oversawtheproductionandprinting;MinjeeChoservedas
Philadelphia:SharonAponteMisdea;MuseodelleAntichita desktop-publishingspecialist;andJaneS.Taitrackedthe
Egizie,Turin:Elvirad'Amicone. images for the publication. Margaret Rennolds Chace,
InSanFranciscomanypeoplecontributedtheirenthusiasm ManagingEditor,solvedemergencieslargeandsmall.Thiscat-
andexpertisetothiscooperativeventure,andwearepleasedto aloguecouldnothavebeencompletedwithouttheextraordi-
recognizethem.LouiseChu,AssociateCuratorofAncientArt, narydedication,patience,meticulousattentiontodetail,and
ablyassistedwithnumerousfacetsoftheexhibition'sdevelop- tirelessworkoftheeditorialteam.
ment,andJaneNelson,AssistantCurator,carriedonmuchof WewouldliketoacknowledgetheeffortsofNinaMcN.
theongoingworkoftheAncientArtDepartment.Wealso Diefenbach,AndreaKann,ClaireGylphe,EtiBonn-MuUer,
thankElisabethCornu,HeadObjectsConservator,forher ThomasReynolds,andChristineScornavaccaintheDevelop-
assistancewithconservationandmountmaking.KristaBrugnara mentOffice;RebeccaNoonanMurrayintheOfficeoftheVice
Davis,DirectorofExhibitions,assistedbyAllisonSatre,and President,SecretaryandGeneralCounsel;LawrenceBecker,
ThereseChen,StephenLockwood,andDougDeForsinthe DeborahSchorsch,JeffreyPerhacs,FrederickJ.Sager,and
RegistrationDepartmentassumedcriticalrolesintheorganiza- JennaWainwrightintheShermanFairchildCenterforObjects
tion,transportation,insurance,andpresentationoftheexhibition. Conservation,andinparticularAnnHeywoodandAlexandra
ThefineeffortsofexhibitiondesignerWilliamWhiteandhis Walcott,whometiculouslypreparedtheMetropolitan'sobjects
teamoftechnicians;lightingdesignerWilliamHuggins;graphic fortraveltoSanFranciscoandFortWorth;MarkT.Wypyskiin
designerJuliana Pennington; Ann Heath Karlstrom, Elisa theDepartmentofScientificResearch;HerbertM.Moskowitz,
Urbanelli,andSuzyPetersonofthePublicationsDepartment;and WillaM.Cox,NestorR.Montilla,FrancesReddingWallace,
SheilaPressley,ReneeBaldocchi,andtheEducationDepartment MinoraCollins,JooYunIsabelKim,GeraldP.Lunney,Wayne
wereindispensableinthepresentationoftheexhibitionin Morales,andAmandaThompsonintheRegistrar'sOffice;
California.GratitudegoesalsotoBarbaraTraisman,Senior HaroldHolzer,ElyseTopalian,andEgleZygasinCommunica-
MediaRelationsOfficer,LindaKatona,DirectorofAdvertising tions;JeanieM.JamesinArchives;andElizabethHammer,
andPromotion,andGerryChow,SeniorGrantsOfficer.We ChristopherNoey,StellaPaul,NicholasRuocco,TeresaRusso,
wouldberemissifwedidnotmentionAbderahmanSalaheldin, NancyThompson,EdithWatts,PaulH.Caro,JessicaGlass,
theConsulGeneralofEgyptinSanFrancisco,whoseeffortsin andVivianWickinEducation.
supportoftheexhibitionhavebeeninvaluable.Wearegrateful FortheexhibitioninstallationattheMetropolitanMuseumour
totheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,forallowingustouse thanksgotoPhilipT.Venturino,ThomasScally,andthework-
itslibraryresources. shopsinFacilitiesManagement.Theireffortsbehindthescene.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix