Hate Speech in Asia and Europe: Beyond Hate and Fear PDF
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i Hate Speech in Asia and Europe This edited collection provides a timely review of the current state of hate speech research in Asia and Europe, through the comparative examples of Korea, Japan and France. Extending the study of hate speech studies beyond the largely western emphasis on European and US contexts dominant in the field, this book’s comparative framework aims to examine hate speech as a global phenomenon spanning Asian and European contexts. An innovative range of nuanced empirical case studies explores hate speech by analyzing gendered hate speech and nationality, French cartoon humour, official counter-radicalization narratives and the use of international law to inform domestic legislation in the Philippines and Japan. A fresh perspective on Asian and European hate speech, this book’s evaluation of current hate speech research also identifies future directions for the development of theory and method. Filling a critical gap in the literature, Hate Speech in Asia and Europe will appeal to students and scholars of law, politics, religion, history, social policy and social science more broadly, as well as Asian Studies. Myungkoo Kang teaches media and cultural studies at the Seoul National University, Korea. Marie-Orange Rivé-Lasan is an associate professor at Paris Diderot University, France, teaching Korean contemporary history in the East Asian Languages and Civilisations Department. Wooja Kim is an associate professor at the College of International Relations at Ritsumeikan University, Japan. Philippa Hall is an independent writer and researcher whose interests include social policy, legal reform, political economy and mass media policy. Sojeong Park is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Communication at Seoul National University. Routledge Contemporary Asia Series Middle Class, Civil Society and Democracy in Asia Edited by Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao Conflict in India and China’s Contested Borderlands A Comparative Study Kunal Mukherjee Transcontinental Silk Road Strategies Comparing China, Japan and South Korea in Uzbekistan Timur Dadabev Sino-Pakistani Relations Politics, Military and Regional Dynamics Filippo Boni Circulation and Governance of Asian Medicine Edited by Céline Coderey and Laurent Pordié Normalization of Violence Conceptual Analysis and Reflections from Asia Edited by Irm Haleem Minorities, Rights and the Law in Malaysia The Politico-Legal Mobilisation of Ethnic Minorities Thaatchaayini Kananatu Hate Speech in Asia and Europe Beyond Hate and Fear Edited by Myungkoo Kang, Marie-Orange Rivé-Lasan, Wooja Kim and Philippa Hall For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Routledge- Contemporary-Asia-Series/book-series/SE0794 iii Hate Speech in Asia and Europe Beyond Hate and Fear Edited by Myungkoo Kang, Marie-Orange Rivé-Lasan, Wooja Kim and Philippa Hall In association with Sojeong Park First published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 selection and editorial matter, Myungkoo Kang, Marie-Orange Rivé- Lasan, Wooja Kim and Philippa Hall; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Myungkoo Kang, Marie-Orange Rivé-Lasan, Wooja Kim and Philippa Hall to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN: 978-0-367-20900-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-26400-9 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Apex CoVantage, LLC v Contents List of figures and tables vii List of contributors viii 1 Introduction: how would Asia and Europe go beyond the hate speech? 1 MYUNGKOO KANG SECTION 1 Current state of hate speech 5 2 Meta-analysis on hate speech studies in South Korea 7 MYUNGKOO KANG, JAEJIN LEE AND SOJEONG PARK 3 Hate speech in Japan: Patriotic women, nation and love of country 23 JACKIE J. KIM-WACHUTKA 4 Banal misogyny: inventing the myth of “women cannot drive” and its online hate speech in South Korea 43 HYOJIN JEONG AND YOUNGHAN CHO 5 Caricature as a form of hate speech? the example of the diffusion of French “atomic humour” in Japan 59 TINO BRUNO 6 Hate and threat in French jihadist discourse 76 LAURA ASCONE vi Contents vi SECTION 2 Countering and reforming hate speech 93 7 Dialogues and diversity in Korea, Japan and France: the contribution of international law to hate speech legislation in national and transnational contexts 95 PHILIPPA HALL 8 When hate becomes illegal: legislation processes of the anti-hate speech law in Japan 112 NAOTO HIGUCHI 9 Free marketplace of ideas: applying the approach of the UN Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights in Philippine internet hate speech cases 127 GEMMO BAUTISTA FERNANDEZ 10 Can strategic human rights litigation complement social movements? a case study of the movement against racism and hate speech in Japan 152 AYAKO HATANO Index 191 vii Figures and tables Figures 8.1 Frequency of searching for Zaitokukai and hate speech 116 8.2 Frequency of hate speech appearing in newspapers and parliamentary debates 117 8.3 Proportion of hate speech-related articles referring to “freedom of speech” 121 8.4 Opinions of lower house members during 2014 election campaign 123 10.1 The number of hate speech news in mass media in Japan 162 10.2 The number of hate-related demonstrations 167 Tables 2.1 Academic research on hate speech in Korea 1999–2017 9 2.2 Definitions of hate speech 12 4.1 Wrong-way driving accident reports 52 5.1 Quantitative analysis 66 5.2 Qualitative analysis 67 6.1 Frequency of the different types of threat and of their structures in Dar al-Islam 82 8.1 Stages of policy processes towards the Anti-Hate Speech Act 114 8.2 Frequency of appearance of certain terms in hate speech-related articles 119 8.3 Frequency of appearance of civic organizations on hate speech-related articles 120 8.4 Numbers of questions and proposals related to hate speech 120 10.1 Effects of litigation strategies on social movements 157 Contributors Laura Ascone earned a PhD in linguistics at Université Paris Seine (France). Her thesis is on the rhetorical strategies used in both jihadist propaganda and counter-narrative. She currently conducts a post-doctoral research on the hate speech against migrants at Université de Lorraine (France). Her researches focus on computer-mediated communication, on the expression of emotions, on the jihadist radicalization process and on the hate speech against migrants. Tino Bruno is Lecturer at Kanagawa University in Yokohama (Japan). He pre- sented in 2017 a PhD thesis in the field of Japanese studies (Lyon 3 Univer- sity) focussing on the medial image of nuclear energy in the Japanese daily press from 1945 to 1957. His publications include topics such as the interna- tional media coverage of the Fukushima nuclear accident or of the Japanese anti-nuclear demonstrations, and the reception of French humour on atomic energy in the Japanese media. Younghan Cho is Professor in the Department of Korean Studies at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Korea. His research interests include media and cultural studies, global sports and nationalism, East Asian pop culture and modernity and cultural economy in Korean and Asian contexts. He is the co-editor of many special issues including Glocalization of Sports in Asia, Colonial Modernity and Beyond and American Pop Culture. He edited books entitled Football in Asia: History, Culture and Business and Modern Sports in Asia (Routledge, 2014), and is a member of the editorial board of Cultural Studies and Communication & Sport. Gemmo Bautista Fernandez is a doctoral candidate at the Australian National University. He obtained his Master of Laws degree from the University of Sydney; Juris Doctor from the University of the Philippines; and his Bachelor of Science degree in applied mathematics from the Ateneo de Manila Univer- sity. He is a member of the Philippine bar and practises law in the following fields: civil litigation, cybercrime and data privacy protection. His research, the subject of his doctoral dissertation delves into the implementation of com- munitarian norms, theories surrounding the codification of relevant provisions ix Contributors ix in articles of state responsibility, and the examination of the attendant state practice. His other research interests include the effects of derogation and lim- itation clauses in human rights treaties; the rules of armed conflicts conducted in outer space; and the regulation of online hate speech. Philippa Hall is an independent writer and researcher whose interests include social policy, legal reform, political economy and mass media policy. Several of these research themes have been examined within the context of the history, politics and implementation of neoliberal policy. She has written a range of reviews, book chapters and journal articles. Her recent research on hate speech and social policy includes ‘Disability Hate Speech: Interrogating the Online/Offline Distinction’ published in Online Othering: Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web (2019). Her current research focuses on international law and social policy, hate speech and media culture. Ayako Hatano (JD, MA, LLM) is a doctoral researcher at the University of Tokyo, with research interests in internalization of international laws and norms in local contexts with a focus on human rights, development and gender. She has been granted numerous awards and grants including the Global Justice Emerging Scholar Essay Prize at New York University, the East Asian Law and Society Paper Award and Fulbright scholarship. She was International Law and Human Rights Fellow at the UN International Law Commission, a visiting scholar at the US-Asia Law Institute at New York University and a fellow at the Asia Leadership Fellow Program at the International House of Japan. She has also been engaged in the implementa- tion of international law and legal research both within government and in international organizations. Naoto Higuchi is an associate professor at Tokushima University. Naoto’sunder- lying research interest lies in xenophobia, social movements and social capital of migrants. He conducted a fieldwork on radical right activists and is now engaged in research on Peruvian migration to Japan. His recent research outputs in English language on the rise of new radical right groups in Japan include: Japan’s Ultra Right (Trans Pacific Press, 2016) as well as “The Radical Right in Japan”, in The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right, edited by Jens Rydgren (Oxford University Press, 2018). Hyojin Jeong is a PhD student at the department of Korean Studies at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (Seoul, South Korea, hereafter HUFS). She received her master’s degree at the department of Korean Language and Liter- ature at Yonsei University, with her thesis entitled “A Study on Terms of Address with ‘ssi’ in Context: Based on a Questionnaire Survey,” Her research interests include language and gender in Korean media, culture and law. Her latest speech in a conference was about abortion prohibition laws in South Korea. She has taught Korean language at several institutions such as Wellesely, MIT (2013–2014), Namseoul University (2015) and HUFS (2016).
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