Harrison's Infectious Diseases, 2/E

1451 Pages·2013·87.339 MB·English

by  Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci

2nd Edition
’ TM
HARRISON S
InfectIous DIseases
Derived from Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th Edition
Editors
Dan L. Longo, anthony s. Fauci,
md md
Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Laboratory of Immunoregulation; Director,
Senior Physician, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
Deputy Editor, New England Journal of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
Boston, Massachusetts
DEnnis L. KaspEr, stEphEn L. hausEr,
md md
William Ellery Channing Professor of Medicine and Robert A. Fishman Distinguished Professor and Chairman,
Professor of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Department of Neurology,
Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology University of California, San Francisco,
and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, San Francisco, California
Boston, Massachusetts
J. Larry JamEson, , JosEph LoscaLzo, ,
md phd md phd
Robert G. Dunlop Professor of Medicine; Hersey Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine,
Dean, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Harvard Medical School;
Executive Vice-President of the University of Pennsylvania for the Chairman, Department of Medicine;
Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Physician-in-Chief, Brigham and Women’s Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts
2nd Edition
’
TM
HARRISON S
InfectIous DIseases
EDitors
Dennis L. Kasper, mD
William Ellery Channing Professor of Medicine and
Professor of Microbiology and Immunobiology,
Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology
and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, Massachusetts
anthony s. Fauci, mD
Chief, Laboratory of Immunoregulation;
Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,
National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland
New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
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CONTENTS
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 14. Health Care–Associated Infections . . . . . . . . .159
Robert A. Weinstein
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
15. Approach to the Acutely Ill Infected
Febrile Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169
section i
Tamar F. Barlam, Dennis L. Kasper
INTRODUCTION TO INFECTIOUS DISEASES
16. Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock . . . . . . . . . . .179
1. Introduction to Infectious Diseases:
Robert S. Munford
Host–Pathogen Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Lawrence C. Madoff, Dennis L. Kasper
section iii
2. Molecular Mechanisms of Microbial
INFECTIONS IN ORGAN SYSTEMS
Pathogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Gerald B. Pier 17. Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, Otitis, and Other
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections . . . . . . . .192
3. The Human Microbiome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Michael A. Rubin, Larry C. Ford, Ralph Gonzales
Jeffrey I. Gordon, Rob Knight
18. Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207
4. Immunization Principles and Vaccine Use . . . .32
Lionel A. Mandell, Richard Wunderink
Anne Schuchat, Lisa A. Jackson
19. Bronchiectasis and Lung Abscess . . . . . . . . . .221
5. Health Recommendations for
Rebecca M. Baron, John G. Bartlett
International Travel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Jay S. Keystone, Phyllis E. Kozarsky 20. Infective Endocarditis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
Adolf W. Karchmer
6. Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases . . . .58
Alexander J. McAdam, Andrew B. Onderdonk 21. Pericardial Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
Eugene Braunwald
7. Microbial Bioterrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
H. Clifford Lane, Anthony S. Fauci 22. Infections of the Skin, Muscles, and
Soft Tissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
Dennis L. Stevens
section ii
FEVER AND APPROACH TO THE 23. Osteomyelitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
FEBRILE PATIENT Alan D. Tice
8. Fever and Hyperthermia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 24. Infectious Arthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266
Charles A. Dinarello, Reuven Porat Lawrence C. Madoff
9. Fever and Rash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 25. Intraabdominal Infections and Abscesses . . . . .274
Elaine T. Kaye, Kenneth M. Kaye Miriam J. Baron, Dennis L. Kasper
10. Fever of Unknown Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107 26. Acute Infectious Diarrheal Diseases
Jeffrey A. Gelfand, Michael V. Callahan and Bacterial Food Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
Regina C. LaRocque, Edward T. Ryan,
11. Atlas of Rashes Associated with Fever . . . . . .115
Stephen B. Calderwood
Kenneth M. Kaye, Elaine T. Kaye
27. Acute Appendicitis and Peritonitis . . . . . . . . .290
12. Infections in Patients with Cancer . . . . . . . . .129
William Silen
Robert Finberg
28. Urinary Tract Infections, Pyelonephritis,
13. Infections in Transplant Recipients . . . . . . . .143
and Prostatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
Robert Finberg, Joyce Fingeroth
Kalpana Gupta, Barbara W. Trautner
v
vi Contents
29. Interstitial Cystitis/Painful 45. Botulism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .471
Bladder Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305 Jeremy Sobel, Susan Maslanka
John W. Warren
46. Gas Gangrene and Other Clostridial
30. Sexually Transmitted Infections: Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475
Overview and Clinical Approach . . . . . . . . . .309 Amy E. Bryant, Dennis L. Stevens
Jeanne M. Marrazzo, King K. Holmes
47. Clostridium difficile Infection, Including
31. Meningitis, Encephalitis, Brain Abscess, Pseudomembranous Colitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483
and Empyema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330 Dale N. Gerding, Stuart Johnson
Karen L. Roos, Kenneth L. Tyler
48. Meningococcal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488
32. Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis . . . . . . . .362 Andrew J. Pollard
Walter J. Koroshetz, Morton N. Swartz
49. Gonococcal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499
33. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369 Sanjay Ram, Peter A. Rice
Gijs Bleijenberg, Jos W.M. van der Meer
50. Haemophilus and Moraxella Infections . . . . . . .508
34. Infectious Complications of Burns . . . . . . . . .373 Timothy F. Murphy
Lawrence C. Madoff, Florencia Pereyra
51. Infections Due to the HACEK Group and
35. Infectious Complications of Bites . . . . . . . . . .377 Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacteria . . . . .515
Lawrence C. Madoff, Florencia Pereyra Tamar F. Barlam, Dennis L. Kasper
52. Legionella Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .519
Miguel Sabria, Victor L. Yu
section iV
53. Pertussis and Other Bordetella Infections . . . . .525
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Scott A. Halperin
36. Treatment and Prophylaxis of
54. Diseases Caused by Gram-Negative
Bacterial Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .384
Enteric Bacilli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .531
Gordon L. Archer, Ronald E. Polk
Thomas A. Russo, James R. Johnson
37. Pneumococcal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405
55. Acinetobacter Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .546
David Goldblatt, Katherine L. O’Brien
David L. Paterson, Anton Y. Peleg
38. Staphylococcal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416
56. Helicobacter pylori Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . .549
Franklin D. Lowy
John C. Atherton, Martin J. Blaser
39. Streptococcal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .429
57. Infections Due to Pseudomonas Species and
Michael R. Wessels
Related Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555
Reuben Ramphal
40. Enterococcal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441
Cesar A. Arias, Barbara E. Murray
58. Salmonellosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .565
David A. Pegues, Samuel I. Miller
41. Acute Rheumatic Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449
Jonathan R. Carapetis
59. Shigellosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .574
Philippe Sansonetti, Jean Bergounioux
42. Diphtheria and Other Infections
Caused by Corynebacteria and 60. Infections Due to Campylobacter
Related Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .456
and Related Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579
William R. Bishai, John R. Murphy
Martin J. Blaser
43. Listeria monocytogenes Infections . . . . . . . . . . . .463 61. Cholera and Other Vibrioses . . . . . . . . . . . . .583
Elizabeth L. Hohmann, Daniel A. Portnoy Matthew K. Waldor, Edward T. Ryan
44. Tetanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467 62. Brucellosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .591
C. Louise Thwaites, Lam Minh Yen Michael J. Corbel, Nicholas J. Beeching
Contents vii
63. Tularemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .597 section V
Richard F. Jacobs, Gordon E. Schutze VIRAL INFECTIONS
64. Plague and Other Yersinia Infections . . . . . . . .602 82. Medical Virology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .758
Michael B. Prentice Fred Wang, Elliott Kieff
65. Bartonella Infections, Including 83. Antiviral Chemotherapy, Excluding
Cat-Scratch Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .613 Antiretroviral Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .770
Michael Giladi, Moshe Ephros Lindsey R. Baden, Raphael Dolin
66. Donovanosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .621 84. Herpes Simplex Virus Infections . . . . . . . . . .784
Nigel O’Farrell Lawrence Corey
67. Nocardiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .623 85. Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections . . . . . . . . . .796
Gregory A. Filice Richard J. Whitley
68. Actinomycosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .628 86. Epstein-Barr Virus Infections,
Thomas A. Russo
Including Infectious Mononucleosis . . . . . . . .801
Jeffrey I. Cohen
69. Infections Due to Mixed Anaerobic
Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .633
87. Cytomegalovirus and Human
Dennis L. Kasper, Ronit Cohen-Poradosu
Herpesvirus Types 6, 7, and 8 . . . . . . . . . . . .807
Martin S. Hirsch
70. Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .644
Mario C. Raviglione, Richard J. O’Brien
88. Molluscum Contagiosum, Monkeypox,
and Other Poxvirus Infections . . . . . . . . . . . .813
71. Leprosy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .668
Fred Wang
Robert H. Gelber
89. Parvovirus Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .815
72. Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections . . . .678
Kevin E. Brown
Steven M. Holland
90. Human Papillomavirus Infections . . . . . . . . . .819
73. Antimycobacterial Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .683
Richard C. Reichman
Max R. O’Donnell, Jussi J. Saukkonen
74. Syphilis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .694 91. Common Viral Respiratory Infections . . . . . .823
Sheila A. Lukehart Raphael Dolin
75. Endemic Treponematoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .705 92. Influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .833
Sheila A. Lukehart Raphael Dolin
76. Leptospirosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .709 93. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease:
Joseph M. Vinetz AIDS and Related Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . .842
Anthony S. Fauci, H. Clifford Lane
77. Relapsing Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .716
Mark S. Dworkin 94. Viral Gastroenteritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .942
Umesh D. Parashar, Roger I. Glass
78. Lyme Borreliosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .720
Allen C. Steere 95. Acute Viral Hepatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .949
Jules L. Dienstag
79. Rickettsial Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .727
David H. Walker, J. Stephen Dumler, 96. Chronic Hepatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .974
Thomas Marrie Jules L. Dienstag
80. Infections Due to Mycoplasmas . . . . . . . . . . .740 97. Enteroviruses and Reoviruses . . . . . . . . . . . .1001
R. Doug Hardy Jeffrey I. Cohen
81. Chlamydial Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .744 98. Measles (Rubeola) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1009
Charlotte A. Gaydos, Thomas C. Quinn William J. Moss
viii Contents
99. Rubella (German Measles) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1015 section Viii
Laura A. Zimmerman, Susan E. Reef PROTOZOAL AND HELMINTHIC
INFECTIONS
100. Mumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1019
Steven Rubin, Kathryn M. Carbone 115. Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections . . .1114
Sharon L. Reed, Charles E. Davis
101. Rabies and Other Rhabdovirus Infections . . .1023
Alan C. Jackson 116. Agents Used to Treat Parasitic
Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1123
102. Infections Caused by Arthropod- and
Thomas A. Moore
Rodent-Borne Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1030
Clarence J. Peters 117. Pharmacology of Agents Used to
Treat Parasitic Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1133
103. Ebola and Marburg Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . .1051
Thomas A. Moore
Clarence J. Peters
118. Amebiasis and Infection with
Free-Living Amebas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1144
section Vi
Samuel L. Stanley, Jr.
PRION DISEASES
119. Malaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1151
104. Prion Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1058
Nicholas J. White, Joel G. Breman
Stanley B. Prusiner, Bruce L. Miller
120. Babesiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1174
Edouard Vannier, Jeffrey A. Gelfand
section Vii
FUNGAL INFECTIONS 121. Atlas of Blood Smears of Malaria
and Babesiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1177
105. Diagnosis and Treatment of Fungal Nicholas J. White, Joel G. Breman
Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1068
122. Leishmaniasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1181
John E. Edwards, Jr.
Shyam Sundar
106. Histoplasmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1072
123. Chagas’ Disease and Trypanosomiasis . . . . . .1191
Chadi A. Hage, L. Joseph Wheat
Louis V. Kirchhoff, Anis Rassi, Jr.
107. Coccidioidomycosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1075
124. Toxoplasma Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1197
Neil M. Ampel
Kami Kim, Lloyd H. Kasper
108. Blastomycosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1079
125. Protozoal Intestinal Infections
Stanley W. Chapman, Donna C. Sullivan
and Trichomoniasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1207
109. Cryptococcosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1082 Peter F. Weller
Arturo Casadevall
126. Trichinellosis and Other Tissue
110. Candidiasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1085 Nematode Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1214
John E. Edwards, Jr. Peter F. Weller
111. Aspergillosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1090 127. Intestinal Nematode Infections . . . . . . . . . . .1219
David W. Denning Peter F. Weller, Thomas B. Nutman
112. Mucormycosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1096 128. Filarial and Related Infections . . . . . . . . . . .1226
Brad Spellberg, Ashraf S. Ibrahim Thomas B. Nutman, Peter F. Weller
113. Superficial Mycoses and Less 129. Schistosomiasis and Other
Common Systemic Mycoses . . . . . . . . . . . .1101 Trematode Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1235
Carol A. Kauffman Adel A. F. Mahmoud
114. Pneumocystis Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1108 130. Cestode Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1244
A. George Smulian, Peter D. Walzer A. Clinton White, Jr., Peter F. Weller
Contents ix
section iX Appendix
ENVENOMATIONS, INFESTATIONS, Laboratory Values of Clinical Importance . . . . . . .1277
BITES, AND STINGS Alexander Kratz, Michael A. Pesce,
Robert C. Basner, Andrew J. Einstein
131. Disorders Caused by Venomous
Review and Self-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1303
Snakebites and Marine Animal
Charles M. Wiener, Cynthia D. Brown,
Exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1254
Anna R. Hemnes
Paul S. Auerbach, Robert L. Norris
132. Ectoparasite Infestations and
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1351
Arthropod Bites and Stings . . . . . . . . . . . . .1266
Richard J. Pollack