HARMONIC TREATMENT IN INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS By MAZIN MAHJOUB AHMED ...

81 Pages·2013·2.32 MB·English

HARMONIC TREATMENT IN INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEMS

By
MAZIN MAHJOUB AHMED ABDALLA
INDEX NO. 084062

Supervisor
Dr. Kamal Ramadan

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of
B.Sc. (HON)
To the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
(POWER ENGINEERING)
Faculty of Engineering
University of Khartoum
July 2013
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
I declare that this report entitled “Harmonic Treatment in Industrial Power System” is
my own work except as cited in the references. The report has not been accepted for any
degree and is not being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other
award.
Signature: _________________________
Name: ____________________________
Date: _____________________________
I
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my thanks to my supervisor Dr. Kamal Ramadan for his
encouragement and guidance throughout this work.
Thanks also to my colleague Abubaker Almalih for his helpful technical
discussions.
I am also very grateful to the administration of the Sudanese-Malaysian Steel
Factory for their helpful technical support.

II
ABSTRACT

Ideally, an electricity supply should invariably show a perfectly sinusoidal voltage signal at
every customer location. However, for a number of reasons, utilities often find it hard to
preserve such desirable conditions. The deviation of the voltage and Current waveforms
from sinusoidal is described in terms of the waveform distortion, often expressed as harmonic
distortion. Harmonics can be produced in a plant and/or may enter a plant from the utility
power system because of other offending sources on the line feeding the plant.
The objectives of this project are to suggest solutions for harmonic problem in industrial
power systems also to study the main harmonic sources in industries their modeling, analysis
and effects.
From the project it was found that the passive filters is the most effective and economic
solution for harmonic problem in industrial power systems.
The Sudanese Malaysian Factory was taken as a case study analyzed with the ETAP; the
results of the harmonic analysis compared with the IEEE harmonic distortion limits where all
harmonic orders which exceed the limits had been removed using the passive filters.

III
صلختسملا

بعصي نكل ,هيلاثم هيبيج هيتلوف ةجومب كلهتسم لك دادما هيناكما وه يبرهكلا دادملأا تاكبشل هبسنلاب يلاثملا ضارتفلاا
تاجوملا هوشتب يمسي هيلاثملا هيبيجلا هجوملا نع هيتلوفلا و رايتلا تاجوم فلاتخا .هديدع بابسلا ضارتفلاا اذه قيقحت
ديلوتلا تاطحم يلا مث لقنلا طوطخ يلا عجرت و عناصملا نع تايقفاوتلا ردصت .تايقفاوتلا هيوشتب اضيا فرعي امك
.هديدع رارضا يف ببستت اهنأف نيتلاحلا اتلك يف و سكعلاوا
تايقفاوتلل هيسيئرلا رداصملا هفرعم يلا فدهي امك ,عناصملا يف تايقفاوتلا هلكشمل لولح حارتقا يلا عورشملا اذه فدهي
.هيئابرهكلا هزهجلا يلع اهراثﺂو اهليلحت ,اهليثمت هيفيك ,عناصملا يف
.عناصملا يف تايقفاوتلا هلكشمل هءافك رثكلاا لحلا يه هيبلسلا تاحشرملا نأ دجو عورشملا نم
IEEE دودح عم ليلحتلا جئاتن هنراقمو ETAPمادختساب هليلحت مت ثيحب هلاح هساردك يزيلاملا ينادوسلا عنصملا ذخا
.هبلاس تاحشرم مادختساب دودحلا تزواجت يتلا تاهوشتلا لك ةجلاعم تمت ثيح تاهوشتلل
.

IV
Table of Contents
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ............................................................. I
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ................................................................................... II
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... III
صلختسملا ............................................................................................................. IV
Table of Contents ............................................................................................... V
List of Figures ................................................................................................... IX
List of Tables ...................................................................................................... X
List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................... XI
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 1
1.1 Project Background: ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Objectives: .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Methodology: .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.4 Thesis layout: .......................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................... 3
2.1 Introduction: ............................................................................................................................ 3
2.2 General definitions: ................................................................................................................. 4
2.2.1 Waveform Distortion: ..................................................................................................... 4
2.2.2 Harmonics: ...................................................................................................................... 4
2.2.3 Triplen Harmonics: ......................................................................................................... 4
2.2.4 Subharmonics: ................................................................................................................. 4
2.2.5 Interharmonics: ............................................................................................................... 4
2.2.6 Flicker: ............................................................................................................................ 4
2.2.7 Characteristic and Uncharacteristic Harmonics: ............................................................. 4
2.3 Positive-, Negative-, and Zero-Sequence Harmonics: ............................................................ 4
2.4 Measurement of harmonic distortion: ..................................................................................... 6
2.4.1 Harmonic factor (distortion factor) (DF): ....................................................................... 6
2.4.2 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): ................................................................................. 6
2.4.3 Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD): .......................................................................... 6
2.4.4 Total Demand Distortion (TDD):.................................................................................... 6
2.4.5 Arithmetic Summation (ASUM): .................................................................................... 7
2.5 Harmonic sources and effects: ................................................................................................ 7
2.5.1 Sources of harmonics: ..................................................................................................... 7
2.5.1.1 Linear loads: ................................................................................................................ 7
V
2.5.2 Harmonic effects: ............................................................................................................ 9
2.5.2.1 Effect on transformer: ............................................................................................... 10
2.5.2.2 Effect on rotating machine: ....................................................................................... 10
2.5.2.3 Effect on cables: ........................................................................................................ 10
2.5.2.4 Effect on capacitor bank: .......................................................................................... 11
2.5.2.5 Effect on electronic equipment’s: ............................................................................. 11
2.5.2.6 Effect on metering and relaying: ............................................................................... 11
CHAPTER 3: HARMONIC ANALYSIS AND MODELING ...................... 12
3.1 Introduction: .......................................................................................................................... 12
3.2 Fourier Series Analysis: ........................................................................................................ 12
3.3 Analysis Methods: ................................................................................................................ 14
3.3.1 Harmonic Sources Calculations: ................................................................................... 14
3.3.2 System Frequency Response Calculations: ................................................................... 15
3.3.2.1 Simplified Calculation: ............................................................................................. 15
3.3.2.2 Computer Simulation: ............................................................................................... 17
3.4 Modeling of industrial system equipments: .......................................................................... 17
3.4.1 Rotating machine modeling: ......................................................................................... 18
3.4.2 Transformer modeling: ................................................................................................. 20
3.4.3 Line and cable modeling: .............................................................................................. 21
3.4.4 Load modeling: ............................................................................................................. 21
3.4.5 Arc furnace modeling: .................................................................................................. 22
3.5 Harmonic standards: ............................................................................................................. 23
3.6 IEEE standards: ..................................................................................................................... 24
3.6.1 Voltage distortion limits: .............................................................................................. 24
3.6.2 Current distortion limits: ............................................................................................... 25
CHAPTER 4: HARMONIC MITIGATION IN INDUSTRIAL POWER
SYSTEM ............................................................................................................ 27
4.1 Introduction: .......................................................................................................................... 27
4.2 Harmonic resonances: ........................................................................................................... 28
4.2.1 Parallel Resonance: ....................................................................................................... 28
4.2.2 Series Resonance: ......................................................................................................... 29
4.3 Passive Filters: ...................................................................................................................... 29
4.3.1 Single Tuned Filter: ...................................................................................................... 30
4.3.2 Band Pass Filter: ........................................................................................................... 31
4.4 Methodology for Design of Tuned Harmonic Filter: ............................................................ 33
VI
4.4.1 Select the Capacitor Bank needed to improve the Power Factor ......................................... 33
4.4.2 Choose Reactor that in Series with Capacitor Tunes filter to .............................................. 33
4.4.3 Determine whether Capacitor Operation Parameters Fall .................................................... 34
4.4.4 Current through the Capacitor Bank: ............................................................................ 34
4.5 Limitation of Passive Filters: ................................................................................................ 34
4.6 Active Filters: ........................................................................................................................ 35
4.7 Line Reactors: ....................................................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER 5: HARMONIC SIMULATION ................................................. 39
5.1 Introduction: .......................................................................................................................... 39
5.1.1 The main features of the ETAP Harmonic Load Flow ........................................................ 39
5.1.2 The main features of the ETAP Harmonic Frequency Scan ................................................ 40
5.1.3 Study Toolbar: .............................................................................................................. 40
5.2 Example for harmonic analysis and treatment by ETAP: ..................................................... 40
5.2.1 Harmonic simulation scenarios: .................................................................................... 41
5.2.2 Harmonic treatment steps: ............................................................................................ 42
Chapter 6: Case Study Sudanese-Malaysian Steel Factory .......................... 45
6.1 Information about the Factory: ............................................................................................. 45
6.2 Problem History: ................................................................................................................... 46
6.3 Case Study part 1(system analysis): ...................................................................................... 46
6.3.1 Load Flow analysis by ETAP: ...................................................................................... 46
6.3.2 Harmonic Analysis by ETAP: ....................................................................................... 47
6.3.3 Discussion of system analysis results: .......................................................................... 48
6.3.4 Conclusion: ................................................................................................................... 49
6.4 Case Study part 2 (Problem Solution): ................................................................................. 49
6.4.1 Scenario 1: Harmonic analyses after injecting the first 5th order filter: ....................... 49
6.4.1.1 Discussion of scenario 1 results: ............................................................................... 50
6.4.2 Scenario 2: Harmonic analyses after injecting the second 5th order filter:................... 50
6.4.2.1 Discussion of scenario 2 results: ............................................................................... 51
6.4.2.2 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................... 51
6.4.3 Scenario 3: Harmonic analysis after injecting the 11th order filter: .............................. 52
6.4.3.1 Discussion of scenario 3 results: ............................................................................... 52
6.4.3.2 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................... 52
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ............................... 53
7.1 Conclusion: ........................................................................................................................... 53
7.2 Future work: .......................................................................................................................... 54
VII
REFERENCES: ................................................................................................ 55
APPENDIX A: CASE STUDY INPUT DATA ............................................A-1
APPENDIX B: CASE STUDY ETAP REPORT ......................................... B-1

VIII
List of Figures

Figure ‎2-1: transformer magnetizing current. ....................................................................................... 8
Figure ‎2-2: non sinusoidal field distribution of rotating machines. ........................................................ 8
Figure ‎2-3: Voltage and current waveforms of an arc furnace. .............................................................. 9
Figure ‎3-1: The current waveform distortions caused by odd harmonic component in three phases
three wires power distribution system. ................................................................................................ 14
Figure ‎3-2: : modeling non linear loads by current sources ................................................................. 15
Figure ‎3-3: simplified calculations circuit ............................................................................................. 16
Figure ‎3-4: induction motor model ....................................................................................................... 19
Figure ‎3-5: transformer model for harmonic analysis .......................................................................... 21
Figure ‎3-6: a- short line model b- cable model ................................................................................... 21
Figure ‎3-7: Structure of typical arc furnace .......................................................................................... 22
Figure ‎3-8: circuit representation of arc furnace .................................................................................. 23
Figure ‎3-9: : IEEE std 519-1992 Harmonic Voltage Limits. .................................................................... 25
Figure ‎3-10: : IEEE std 519-1992 Harmonic Voltage Limit .................................................................... 26
Figure ‎4-1: : (a) parallel resonant condition (b) resonant points .......................................................... 29
Figure ‎4-2: series resonant condition ................................................................................................... 29
Figure ‎4-3: Electric diagrams of passive filters ..................................................................................... 29
Figure ‎4-4: high band pass filter response ............................................................................................ 32
Figure ‎4-5: simplified explanation of an active filter operation. .......................................................... 35
Figure ‎4-6: (a) Shunt connection of an active filter, (b) series connection of an active filter. ............. 36
Figure ‎4-7: (a), (b), and (c): Hybrid connections of active and passive filters....................................... 37
Figure ‎4-8: Typical connection of line reactors ..................................................................................... 37
Figure ‎4-9: Current without and with reactor ...................................................................................... 38
Figure ‎5-1: harmonic study toolbar in ETAP ......................................................................................... 40
Figure ‎5-2: one-line diagram of the example........................................................................................ 40
Figure ‎5-3: The DC system .................................................................................................................... 41
Figure ‎5-4: determining harmonic sources characteristics................................................................... 41
Figure ‎5-5: harmonic load flow analysis ............................................................................................... 42
Figure ‎5-6: load flow analysis ................................................................................................................ 43
Figure ‎5-7: filter sizing operation .......................................................................................................... 43
Figure ‎5-8: harmonic load flow after filtering ....................................................................................... 44
Figure ‎6-1: Case Study overall system .................................................................................................. 45
Figure ‎6-2: a- utility bus harmonic order plots b- factory main bus harmonic order plots ............ 49
Figure ‎6-3: distorted waveform before solution .................................................................................. 49
Figure ‎6-4: distorted waveform after injecting first 5th order filter .................................................... 50
Figure ‎6-5: distorted waveform after injecting second 5th order filter ............................................... 51
Figure ‎6-6: distorted waveform after injecting second 11th order filter. ........................................... 52

IX