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Harlequin Duck gnirotino Mdn ahcraeseR in Montana: 1997 :torto pAeR detarop r,oOcCnRIASA 8 6x8oB ,y oTrMT 53995 y bdettimbuS SKCIRD NLEUHAP dna SEMA JL.EDHCIER ma reggoa rtlPia rraeunHtaatNnoM eune vhAtx itSs a5E151 ,aneleH anatnoM 0081-02695 899 1lirpA 88 mar geograPt ilraerH ua8tn9aa9N t1noM :swollof sa detic eb dluohs tnemucod sihT larutaN anatnoM .7991 :anatnoM ni gnirotinom dna hcraeser kcuD niuqelraH .8991 .lehcieR .D .J dna ,.P ,skcirdneH .margorP egatireH .pp 82 .TM ,aneleH ii ABSTRACT n)okr alPanoit arNeica lgGnidulcn is(yevr ursi akpc unDiuqelr adHetcudn o ec,w79 9n1I ria P.selame f5 2dn asela m3 3f omumini madnuo fdn asmaert s0 1f om k5.3 7yletamixorppa fooit ax redsevres bnndoaietlus eerv aahnatn on7Mi991-98 9d 1n5a791-47 9g1nir usdyevrus 1.52:1 ( m yletamixorp pndaoetcudn oecr eswyevr uds o.o )rsBelam e2f13:sel a4 m7;46 8 ,7nf=: 7 3dn aselame f3 1f omumini magnidlei y)kra Planoita Nreical Ggnidulcni (smaert s4 1f om k411 . s dmnea o c e7 eufr4hdot 1tose rr spe.dwso eonlreibTnevuj smae r77 t 9(ssn9di1o o drsnbra i rahop tfdoebyev rsumsae rsntsosec ceuvsitcudor peR en o d l3ndaaeri a7ep(lam er fespdoo r0b3 .d0egare v)akr alPanoit arNeica lfeGodistuo )sel a gm0ne 1ofdmeacud ogrn p u4eo1ly(a mtel f urgdena pu 0 o)4rys.o d1do eo3crubdorp ; )s 0 e 7sIs r7s s r6aIaego.d eedo .wIlhnf3o 3zhofe40Cti(otitog1(g rasradrrbbreaoelevfna srde op 3od1re.bg0a rke evdealraCn o,D kclrMaanPo irtea iN. c )nad 7Ilen9Gvi9r1 essdbooorb 5g1no mganu o9ey(lam er fegpnu o0y6 .r)0osdo o dr2ebcudo repn o d l4ndaaeri a1 p1e(lamef e h .T)selamef d se 3 dg n3er oaro.ledoret0aver epr micb3ves eRu(a tr)fd1aidoWaorpoprrob 12. 0s(mae r ntn9osoitcudorp edreni b.m )osCela m ge3nfo mganu o2ey(lam er fegpnu o7y6.0 denta a et rhseotgfar emvraet-g n eowhlot l se)abewla m regefnp u9o 8y,.e0la m resefdpoorb r oefgare vwaol ehbcum ynam .rev in Rue Shttpec xseeganiard kr okFra ldC ndaaehta leF h ntsikc unDiuqelr agHnidn adbeunitn oecW .w seeNganiard ,smaer t n6ssoelinev u 8jd2 n,aselam etflu dd5aedulc n7i9 9g1nir uddedn adb ndaerutp ascdrib ,selam e 0f,7sel a9m 56( 5 o31t9 9e1cn idsedn arbebm ulnat oet hgtnignirb ev i .F)selinevu j722 er e)wkr alPanoit arNeica lgGnidulc ntio ns(elam etflu drau odf nsael atmluda ri ednheotthgiser er e)wdoo re bnmoo rlfl as(elam ed flroaey-o wrtu od fn,ara esyuoive re phfstomaer tgsnideerb .mae rltas train ednheotthgiser REWOL SCIFIC ENPOSITALU PKO RPKORFALC o odyttili bra udoeredn ishwo lmfaer thsg idh n,atl ewmo nest a,lkc awpo nysvaeH .79 9 n1nioitcudorp e nreocneulf nginor tdas ayhlbabo rdp n,ay a nMyilr aseyevr ursi aeptelpmoc dedulcn iese h .Tsmaert s3n onee ssa w)selame f5,sela m5 (sniuqelra Htlud a0 1f omumini mA pma wdS n)aelam e 1fr(ev inRoilimr e,V)ri a 1pk(ee rkCc o,R)el as1mu lspri a 3pk(ee rnCetraM r otfpec x,esmaer tl slr aolfamr ownol es badwevres bsodr ifrboebm u.e n)hsTdr io bnk(eerC .lacip ys taswri afrpoebm ue nhetre hkwee rnCetraM ne t hr ncad.oaMo7 e o9ey r9 nldb1eOu nnJgaunJi rduedtcud ne orsceywev rduosorB ne t drneaorMae pspeal a rmf eeo,bf rma eu.vnde ewroeHtnuo csknaee wek r cdCkoneRaerC os lear eswel aom wdt n,a)yl u 2J n2s9o atwnu oycad-elgn imsumixa my(l ueJt a nlkieerC yn a,myllanoitid d;alufssecc uss aawe rea h ntginid n. ayBl u nJkiee rnCetr a nMdoeretnuocne kee rkCc o nReolinev u sajdaedn aeblam egafnidulc n,idevresbo- eerr eswdr idbekr aymlsuoiverp tsu g)n5um i.Akt1u 2 otfbnoaeme vmoamerts-re t nnkaie( enreCt rdnaeoMrutpa c de5n r9an9i1 gnu od4y nkaee rkCc omRo rgfnu od6y nealam ed1fedulc n7i9 9 n1diedn asbdr iwb e.N7991 morf a door bfo 6n.ekterearMC iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -et ael h fttos odmetcudn ooc h,wllex aeMcy r yBdbedivo rsp aewcnatsis sdale ihfcuM lanoitid d .Asyevru sremmus-ylra edn agnirps ,seti sgnippar telbisso pf onoitacifitned i,ple hdleif . .kMr alPanoit arNeica l nGwie rsc idh nyaelh s . AyJdbedivo repr etwropp ulsacitsig orleh tdona sdaaevr etsto i.l nl.oEJitarape rp pad mnyart naet ahdt idwetsis sraell i.d MMn,asen o.,JCreeB . c n,IOCRA S oAntosiail dedivo rs pasweicne graeh tyto budoeirr ascyevr umso rnfoitamrofnI mo refm atccejo rep hrt otfropp ulsaicnan iyframi r.P)kr alPanoit arNeical Gy(elh snAh oyJb anatn omMa(rg oergPati rleaHru taanNat nemo hoMet rmtfarcop pluasnoiti d;d. ac,nOICRASA .)gnitarep oyoccnavres neorCu t edamhnNeTat snyoSitamro fencIruo sleaRru t,ayNrar beitLatS vi ST NEE LTFBNOAOTC ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii i. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 METHODS AND MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 SURVEYS AND BANDING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 MOVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 DEMOGRAPHY AND POPULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 PRIORITIES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 v INTRODUCTION k(c unDiuqelr aeHhT sucinoirtsiH sucinoirtsih dnaln islevar thcih w,kcu dae sllam sas i) e hd tnaaksa lmAo rafcire mhAtr onNrets endwiee rsbniuqelr a.Hsmaer trset ahwse rndfoee robt ;n)i3 9p9u1 ogrnGik rko cWnuiDuqelr aaHi(nrofi laoantCat nnorMet shegwuo rhhtt unooskuY rodarb ad Lncaebe unQrets aohettu odsnal snIiff amBo rdfee rybe h,tacire mhAtr onNretsae ( e i.d)u3o9G91 nI eht .)38 9.1U.O. Aa(ireb id Sndanalnee r,Gdnale cndIiee rybe h,tcitcraealaP retn edG nlaehcie Ra(natn o nMdiee rybltnerr uscniuqelr a fHsori a0p02-0 5y1letamixorppA );2rev ikRr okFra lrCew oe lhfstoeiratubi r):t1sae rganiwoll oe fhndtietac otls ohmt i,w)5991 e hf tfgonim oscmaer t);s3rev idRaehta le Fhfstokr ohFtu od Sn,aeldd i,Mhtr oe Nhfstoeiratubirt ;98 9,188 9r1elli Mr(ev irRedlu oe Bh)d t4n;asniatnu oyMkc oe Rhfttono rtfsae rreK ;9 891 ;09 9n1oslraC namriaF retn edG nlaehci e;R39 9,129 9n1agenn idF ndanoma i;D09 9r1ell idM na 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996). s(maer tnsiatnu otms agfno ldanu oef rsaniuqelr a,Hnosa egsnidee reb hgtniruD nostgneB 1966). s(kn aeb h ntsobur h rsroebm ietsn ehdt iswmaer tes ssuniuqelr a,Hsae ryan anmI rerissaC e hfstoepo ltss ae ehgtno lsamaer tnse pyolevital endrinu oofs le aryae ht tu,b)09 9s1evo rdGna an(at n,osMniatn uyokMcoR mukraM e h ntdi n,a)29 9n1agenn idF ndanoma i,D09 9r1etn edG na a rcdint(uctrA nostgneB .)2791 nI ,ohadI %09 fo snoitavresbo derrucco raen dlo htworgro s(dna trsebm ietrutam edis-mae r,rtsosdna l,ssi g,oslk cmoarert s.-) d0i 9Ms9e1v o drrnGearissaC .stnenopm otcatib athnatrop meoribtaep pd ansaet igsnifa oelf asesavr essr albevarg ;yaM-ylr a oeltirpA-d i nmsiae rganidee rdbnal nriie h nteovir rsakc ued h fttosoM (sria perofe bevirr ayllacipy tsela mdetamnu yltr oth s snaeorohtuc tt.se)e r7l e7alh9meT1hcuK (ylu Jylra ey beno ger atso m;noitabucn inige bselame feh tretfa d nsaelam e ef. h)T77 9l1ehcuK ydbecneulf n siyigolonor hsc i. hrTebmetp eySlr a retosug ulAit nsumaer tes h ntnoiam egrnuoy .sra enyeewt esbke elwarev e os ptyur ayv a tm;iffon ugrnir p fsgonim iet h ytdb nnaoitavele lee R”(evitisne Ssk“ac unDiuqelr ae Hhstts i,nl1oig e,Recivr etSser o.FS .eUhT et al. 1989). The larut aoNha ddI naanatn oeM h ytnbrecn olCaice p fSsoeice psadSaets i slsieiceps mneao gri alra gtataet,oanar ti 4rvaDusnro9Prt tmeeh9eneaaCHa1sogNrdnMagIoto(CirrPeH a(dan andCieregnad nsdEaets isnlioitalup onpacire mhAtr onNret s .ae )eh7T991 ei)d3u9o9G1 .seta tdSeti neU h ntginits illared erf odfenoitit enpe eybltnec esr adhna .e 8h8T 9ns1ikc unDiuqelr agHniyevr unsag embargo rePgatir elHarut aaNnatn oeMhT nag e. ebyWtilatr odm nyativitcudo r,pytiled ieft igsnivlov nsinoitse u oqets ierv aagt aydevrus 19 9 n1tinet xdeetim i oalstniuqelr agHnikram se nr ,ieh6 uwg9 lq u9aa e;o1tf.lroo3rht2at3H gnidee rmbo rsfniuqelr adHekr afnmooitalup otpsegr ae lhgtnitneserp e,rsmae r ntd9osekram stsa oe chndtoevres bd ondaerutp ance eybltneuqesb uesv aahnatn ondMiekr as md.r simBaerts dnal srIevuocn amVo rgfnim osctrop etrs ohmt i,waibmul ohCsiti rdB nnaotgnihs a,Wnoge rfOo . )79 9. 1ltlaeehci e,R69 9r1etn ed GnlaehcieR( eniles apabolev e )d:1edulc nsila omgr egtnoL nnooitamro frneih t;)aa2gnat nsnoniMoitalu pnoipuqel rcaiHrot s ditnhnaer rtfuroco pseurtats saetutitsn otca hfswonoitamit sweol losattnemev od mn,aytilatr o,mnoitcudorp e,rytiled ieftis niuqelr alHaitnet odp nlaaut cra osflocoto rypevr upsolev e )d;3noitalup onpiuqelr aeHlbaiv snoitalup onpiuqelr agHnirots edr nganiniatni arm osfeniledi utgnemegan apmolev e )d;4smaerts nrehtr oeN hmto rsfniuqelr aeHre hswae rlaatsa oycfitne d )i;5tatib adhna seikcoR ;ru cdcnoa)6 .s noitalu pnoipuqel rtarHop pdouetsd esecnitsiretcar amhace rlf teops doaolmeved rsolfaoG dekr aymn ahmt iswmaer trsa eenso hytlralucitra ps(maer tlsanoitid dganiyevr u )s:1dedulc n7i991 1 yrami repm o nsaot aydtivitcudo rgpnireht a )g;2sniuqelr a fHsouta tds neacnese rrp o)fslaudividni mret-gn orl osfmaer tdsetcel e nseolbiss o spsalaudivid nyin a smganikr a )m;3smaer tnsiuqelraH tcell o ocntig e obstkc u fdsorebm ulnla mhst iswmaer tdsetalo sginiyevr u )sd4 n;agnirotinom .snoitalup olpac o,llla messo h ftyotiliba imvr egtn oel h ntaotad daeredisn oetc bodnluo hd snnaosa edsle i7f9 9e 1hmto rsftlus esreziramm utsrop esrihT at arded leo h fteom ohsguohtl as(ra esyuoive rmpo rdfetcell oact ald l fasoisyla neavisneherpmoc hcraes ekrc unDiuqelr a fHyoramm uesvisneherpm oyclevital edr ntanec er.a ro)Fdetnese repra .)79 9 .1ltl(eeahc i ee6eR 9sh9g1uo rahntat nnoiM METHODS AND MATERIALS ddnaaeht a,liFanet o eosfhKtot rdnaeopyev reu rssekw cnuiDuqelraH lanoit aoNloL . 79 9t1suguA-y agMnir ukdr alPanoit arNeica lnd GinsatseroF er eswyevr ulsanoitiddA ydbetcudn oecr eswyevr ut.ss kor MalPanoit arNeica lflGoennosr eypcne gydabetcudnoc dekl arwoyevr ues h,tses atc s .o nkmIn ambaer t rs)oelbiss onpeh wl(enna hmcaer tes hgtniklaw sdr iebre hswes a nc;ithg i fsto udoev o tmeirof edbr ieb hetvres b ooetm ietr ogmniv i,gmaertspu r.oeFcnabrut seizdimi nsoidtm r eidhbntu o pre oa daoralomyev r eu,hsdtek r toeaeotbmrnew kr okFra ldC ndaaehta leF h ntsimaerts n eseds r liklb ra daenmraut pdoaetctpme t,etswaeganiard -dri bdeifilau q,desneci lanehw .)skcirdn e rH,oyelh s,Alehcie Ry(evr ues h nttonese rsp arwednab .desae l de,nrdaek r,a)ml i dadnt ragonc idwe(rus a,edmehg i,edw e,gdae xee rssedw rdiebrutpaC tnempolev erdehta e nfdoes adbe gear eswelinevuJ IsIsa l;Celbis isvrehta e of,nynw osI–ds a: lC doo ldb aohs lsadr idberutp at cs. osMselthgi ltf udberehta eyfll uI– fIsIsa l;Cderehta eyfltr a–p noitavresn odC nhas i,Fefildl i fWtonemtrape Dn(wo reBigg a yMsbisyla ncaiten erg odfetcelloc dn adna bmunimul aSWFS Uahti wdedna bere wsdr i .B)siva D-ainrofila Cf oytisrevin U,ygoloiB raohpla-ahp leati hh2wt idwn agb eclitsa l,peu lhabtiw e rsadr iebse h.Tsretcara hcciremun-ahpla devres byolida esrs eel rsadn aeb hhtguoht l,asretcara hdcetnirp mei h yteblbazingoc eyrllaudividni nee bda hhcih w,scsi dlasa nnaht feosuac edbeunitnocs iedr etw usbra esyuoive r npdiesu laren ed gn,adeyevr uescnats i,dsnoitac o,ls e.t sasDecc ugsniri ad pnaamua rttuo bsanrecnoc l lfx aoed sn,ae g,arebm u,nnoitac o;ldedroc eerr edweyevr ussehca emraer te shfstocitsiretcarahc kc ud dnsayevr u.l seltA ie s hfstocitsiretcara htcatib as h as,wadedroc es ranwe essniuqelraH OFNI- CdReAtaico sdesnsaaa bo a tdtaneairde te nrseenwoitavresbo .segarevoc e raae rlaacihpargo enagiht iswniuqelr a,Hstrop edrehsilbup n nudi nearutaret iel hntI netfo deton sa A froebm u Xn nXgonideerb .smaerts @ odteterpret nyilsuoir anve esb as hi hT deipuc c n onamiaer trsoj aem h ) tr3;osmaer tdsem arnegr a )l;2maer tdsem aynre v )e:1naem r odfe se urnaosa egsnidee re bhgtnir usdkc unDiuqelr aydHbe ssumaer tl sl.t aeogNaniard grnoitsen yl ndoe seyu badmevres be orsaniuqelr atHlu deare hswmaer t es.m gonSiraer-doorb nsinoitavres bkoc unDiuqelr ayHfissa l ocr te. ds r anoeI rganidee rmbo rdf n oantoitarg igmnirud ydbesopo rspnoitinif egdniwoll oef hdtetpo deav a ehrwenn atmnetsisn oac )r6 e9t.r9eli1as(saC deredisn oedcblu ohwci hfo wowttsr iefht( A tnemelE secnerruccO @ [ egati rleaHru t]yasbNOE n oti.u t)oahsaahttrvcgareriuDoteroNnserenmhCoAtC/smargorP :ecnerru cgcnoide ek rcnbuiDuqelraH ,eganiar day bdenife dsi ,.ae .niw( ogsnnikide eerrb eehgwan inf aooaridt r,rosopeganiard .)sr at5e s1y eanhlith tdiewvre snb eo setab shdreoonorb 2 :re h dtyeibteara peserOsaE @ , r;o)ediv irdoj arame v mo2k >r(eirr albaitnatsb uAs ;)dn aslsorc at(atib aehlbatius nyuletelpm orc onfoitar a. p ems k- 0A1 @ uocre tgan wodlearusa enmo(itara pmek s-A02 d eyslue rha tr ro)obsfesr elbati uysltnerap pr aod fn)asrev itrneida r% g1,<seka lt(atibah ttaat histb ianthwo. ondonetki peubcco elbaborP :ecnerru cgcnoide ek rcnbuiduqelrah ,.e. id(etceps uyslhg i shrieht atr u,bnwo ntk o snginidee rtbpec x,eevo b sanaoitinif eedmaS .)sra e 5yt1s ael hntiht iswnoitavres beolam e rfroi atpnedneped nt3isa e tlnae eebv aehreht gnideerB sutats:nwonknu s nf oosi etrgroaonpiarD n3a hrtew et funboitavres bkoc undiuqel r ta1sha ethlat isweganiard .sra e 5yt1s ael hntiht inwosa egsnidee reb hgtnir usdnoitavres beolam e rfroi atpnednepedni :ylek iglnniudeerB 5e1rof eeb rsadoir enpoitarg ieml a em. hsTdoir enpoitarg igmnir usdel a fmsonoitavresbO d nsaae rtano rnFiatnu oyMkc odR nnais aaBibmul onCrehtr oeN h ntein ur5Jet fda nlairpA .noig enriatnuomret ne I hnetin u0rJ2et fd an y aea1rMofeb lir p5mA1o rsnfiosa egsnitsen-e r.e pnhoTsa egsnitsen-e re phetdist usori afsponoitavresbO y - am1Mo rdf nsaae rtano rnFiatnu oyMkc odR nnais aaBibmul onCrehtr oeN h ntei n u-5J .ae rnaiatnuomret ne Ihnetin u0J2 srev i)r%1 <t(neida rw go,legr arslodn oshpac utsatib aehlbatius nnsuinoitavres bloatnedicnI deifitne dnie eebv ahhci hswmaer tnssonoitavres br,ooset igsnidee rnbwo notktnecaj dtaon .)srevopo trssoae rganiga tysrotarg i.mg. ey(tivit cganidee rgbnikc asla SURVEYS AND BANDING SY EA VN-RA7UT9SN9O1M skc unDiuqelr ar Hodfeyevr ue7sw9 9n1I em o ns;i )e1rugi Fs(maer t fs m o4kg 1n1ola niuqel r. asHet atdnereff i ndhoca emraer tesm aes h ftsoyevr ueslpitl udmedulc neiso hstesac ,)kr alPanoit arNeica lgGnidulcn is(maer t 0fms51ok. 3nd7oetcudn oecr eswyevr ursi akpcuD 4 f1 mo4k 1 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