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Mark Tehranipoor Nitin Pundir Nidish Vashistha Farimah Farahmandi Hardware Security Primitives Hardware Security Primitives Mark Tehranipoor • Nitin Pundir (cid:129) Nidish Vashistha (cid:129) Farimah Farahmandi Hardware Security Primitives MarkTehranipoor NitinPundir UniversityofFlorida UniversityofFlorida Gainesville,FL,USA Gainesville,FL,USA NidishVashistha FarimahFarahmandi UniversityofFlorida UniversityofFlorida Gainesville,FL,USA Gainesville,FL,USA ISBN978-3-031-19184-8 ISBN978-3-031-19185-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19185-5 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerland AG2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuse ofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Dedicatedto: MarkTehranipoor:Mystudents NitinPundir:Theopportunities Igot NidishVashistha:Myfamilyandfriends FarimahFarahmandi:Mymentor Dr.Tehranipoor,students,andfamily Preface Inthismodernworldofhighlyconnectedelectronicdevicesandonlineclouddata storage, a user can access any sort of information anytime and anywhere with the help of smart devices. Besides storing users’ personal information, these devices also store proprietary data such as encryption keys, soft intellectual property, and confidential information to perform artificial intelligence specialized tasks such as an autopilot for self-driving cars. The presence of confidential and intellectual informationonhardwaredevicesmakesthemalucrativetargetforhackers’attacks. An adversary can compromise the security of these hardware devices, hijack information to achieve financial gains, and steal intellectual property to perform reverse engineering for manufacturing counterfeit cloned devices. Besides these cloned counterfeits, recycled and refurbished devices can be sold as new ones. These recycled devices cause a revenue loss to manufacturers and pose safety issues due to their reduced life span and reliability. Hence, these devices need to be secured from these attacks. One of the possible solutions to ensure hardware security is to physically embed secure circuits for device authentication, random passkeygeneration,andanti-counterfeitingdetection.Thesecircuitshaveaunique signatureasanalogoustohumanretinal/fingerimprintsandDNA.Thesesignatures are random, hard to predict, and nearly impossible to clone. Hence, it prevents unauthorized access to data and ensures reliable hardware platforms for secure communications, device authentication, and defense against many software and hardwarerisksandattacks.Physicallyunclonablefunctions(PUFs)andTrueRan- domNumberGenerators(TRNGs)arewidelyusedashardwaresecurityprimitives to secure hardware devices and counterfeit detection. Therefore, it is necessary to understandtheirtypes,applications,andfunctionsforsecuringhardwaredevices. Thisbookwillbeacomprehensivereferenceforcircuitsandsystemsdesigners, graduate students, academics, and industrial researchers interested in hardware securityandtrust.Itwillincludecontributionsfromexpertsandresearchersinthe field of secure hardware design and assurance. In addition, this book will cover varioussecurityprimitives,designconsiderationsforasecureSoCdesign,andtheir applicationsincounterfeithardwaredetection. vii viii Preface Thisvolumewillprovidethemostcomprehensivecoverageofvarioushardware security primitives, their roles in hardware assurance and supply chain from the integratedcircuittothepackagelevel.Chapters1–7coverdifferenttypesofphysical unclonable functions (PUFs), which are fundamental components to hardware security. Chapter 8 discusses true random number generators (TRNSs) developed byexploitingtheentropyinhardwaremanufacturing.Chapter9discusseshardware security primitives developed using emerging technologies other than CMOS, such as carbon nanotubes. Chapters 10 and 11 present various techniques for hardwarecamouflagingandwatermarking,respectively.Chapter12coversvarious lightweightcryptographicalgorithmsthatcanbealternativestoPUFsonresource- constraintdevices.Chapter13discussesgrowingvirtualproofofrealitytoprovide securitybasedonblockchainandsmartcontracts.Chapter14coversanalogsecurity, usually neglected during hardware security discussions. Chapters 15, 16, and 17 covervariousICandpackagelevelmethodsfortempering,counterfeit,andrecycled detection. Finally, Chaps.18 and 19 cover various side-channel and fault-injection resistantprimitivesforsecurityincryptographichardware. Gainesville,FL,USA MarkTehranipoor Gainesville,FL,USA NitinPundir Gainesville,FL,USA NidishVashistha Gainesville,FL,USA FarimahFarhmandi July2022 Acknowledgments This work would not have been possible without the assistance of individuals affiliated with the Florida Institute for Cyber Security (FICS) Research at the University of Florida. We appreciate their persistent work, review, and scientific contributionsinseveralchapters: UpomaDas,Chap.1 RasheedKibria,Chap.2 NurunN.Mondol,Chap.3 Md.LatifurRahmanandMd.SaadUlHaque,Chap.4 PanthaProtimSarker,Chap.5 ShamsTarekandAzimUddin,Chap.6 SouravRoy,Chap.7 UpomaDas,Chap.8 LitonKumarBiswas,Chap.9 NasminAlam,Chap.10 ShuvagataSahaandHasanAl-Shaikh,Chap.11 AmitMazumderShuvo,Chap.12 RasheedKibria,Chap.13 RuiGuo,Chap.14 RuiGuo,Chap.15 MdKawserBeparyandDipayanSaha,Chap.16 SajibGhoshandMridhaMdMashahedurRahman,Chap.17 MohammadShafkatM.Khan,Chap.18 TanvirRahman,Chap.19 Inaddition,wewouldliketothankErikaClesiandDr.DhwaniMehtafortheirhelp inreviewingthebook. ix Contents 1 IntrinsicRacetrackPUF................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction........................................................... 1 1.2 Background........................................................... 2 1.2.1 PUFPerformanceMetrics.................................. 4 1.3 RacetrackPUF........................................................ 5 1.3.1 ArbiterPUF................................................. 5 1.3.2 Ring-OscillatorPUF........................................ 7 1.3.3 ClockPUF................................................... 8 1.3.4 AdvancementinClassicalPUF............................ 10 1.4 Conclusions........................................................... 15 References.................................................................... 15 2 Intrinsic-TransientPUF ................................................... 17 2.1 Introduction........................................................... 17 2.2 Background........................................................... 18 2.3 DesignStrategyandApplications................................... 19 2.3.1 PUFDesignforFPGA-BasedEmbeddedSystems ....... 19 2.3.2 TransientEffectRingOscillator-BasedPUF.............. 21 2.3.3 GlitchPUF.................................................. 23 2.3.4 TERO-PUFonSRAMFPGAs............................. 25 2.3.5 TERO-PUFinIoTs......................................... 28 2.4 Conclusions........................................................... 30 References.................................................................... 30 3 DirectIntrinsicCharacterizationPUF................................... 33 3.1 Introduction........................................................... 33 3.2 CellularNeuralNetworkPUF....................................... 34 3.3 PowerDistributionPUF.............................................. 37 3.4 QUALPUF............................................................ 39 3.5 Via-PUF............................................................... 42 xi xii Contents 3.6 ThresholdVoltagePUF .............................................. 45 3.6.1 Conclusions................................................. 46 References.................................................................... 46 4 VolatileMemory-BasedPUF.............................................. 49 4.1 Introduction........................................................... 49 4.2 Background........................................................... 51 4.2.1 PUFPerformanceEvaluationMetrics..................... 51 4.3 ComparativeAnalysisofVolatileMemory-BasedPUF............ 52 4.3.1 BistableRingPUF.......................................... 52 4.3.2 DRAM-BasedIntrinsicPUF............................... 53 4.3.3 MECCAPUF............................................... 55 4.3.4 IntrinsicRowhammerPUF................................. 57 4.3.5 SRAMRandomAddressError-BasedChipID Generation .................................................. 58 4.4 Conclusions........................................................... 60 References.................................................................... 60 5 ExtrinsicDirectCharacterizationPUF .................................. 63 5.1 Introduction........................................................... 63 5.2 Background........................................................... 64 5.2.1 PUFPreliminaries.......................................... 64 5.2.2 ChallengesofDirectExtrinsicCharacterization.......... 65 5.3 ExtrinsicDirectCharacterizationPUF.............................. 66 5.3.1 ALILEDiode-BasedPUF.................................. 66 5.3.2 Nano-Electro-Mechanical-BasedPUF .................... 68 5.3.3 CarbonNanotube-BasedPUF.............................. 70 5.3.4 MEMsAccelerometerSensor-BasedPUF ................ 71 5.3.5 Capacitor-BasedPUF ...................................... 74 5.4 Conclusions........................................................... 77 References.................................................................... 77 6 HybridExtrinsicRadioFrequencyPUF................................. 81 6.1 Introduction........................................................... 81 6.2 Background........................................................... 83 6.2.1 ThreatModel ............................................... 83 6.2.2 Challenges .................................................. 84 6.3 RadioPUFinIoTSecurity .......................................... 84 6.4 PUF-EmbeddedRFID................................................ 87 6.5 RFIDTagsasCertificatesofAuthenticity .......................... 88 6.6 PUFinAmbientWorld .............................................. 90 6.7 RadioFrequency-DNA............................................... 92 6.8 Conclusions........................................................... 93 References.................................................................... 94