Harderian Glands: Porphyrin Metabolism, Behavioral and Endocrine Effects

329 Pages·1992·7.758 MB·English

by  James Michael Olcese (auth.), Prof. Susan M. Webb, Dr. Roger A. Hoffman, Dr. Manuel L. Puig-Domingo, Prof. Russel J. Reiter (eds.)

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Copy of the title and figures from the first published paper on
the Harderian glands by Jacob Harder, dated 1694.
S.M. Webb· R.A. Hoffman
M.L. Puig-Domingo· R.J. Reiter
(Eds.)
Harderian Glands
Porphyrin Metabolism,
Beha vioral and Endocrine Effects
With 117 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona
Budapest
Prof. Susan M. Webb Dr. Roger A. Hoffman
Dept. of Endocrinology Dept. of Biology
Hospital de Sant Pau. Autonomous Colgate University
University Hamilton, NY 13346, USA
Padre Claret 167
08025 Barcelona, Spain
Dr. Manuel L. Puig-Domingo Prof. Russel J. Reiter
Dept. of Endocrinology Dept. of Cellular & Structural Biology
Hospital Santa Creu de Sant Pau The University of Texas Health Science Center
University Autonoma de Barcelona San Antonio, TX 78284, USA
08025 Barcelona, Spain
Library of Congress Cataloging·in·Publication Data
Harderian glands: porphyrin metabolism, behavioral, and endocrine effects/S.M. Webb ... [et al.], (eds). p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN·13: 978·3·642·76687·9 e·ISBN·13: 978·3·642·76685·5
DOl: 10.1007/978·3·642·76685·5
1. Harderian gland. 2. Porphyrin and porphyrin compounds-Metabolism. I. Webb, S.M. (Susan M.),
1952-. [DNLM: 1. Harderian Gland-physiology. 2. Porphyrins-metabolism.
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© Springer. Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992
Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1992
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Foreword
Harderian glands, first described by Jacob Harder in two species of deer in 1694,
are large, intraorbital glands which, with but few exceptions, are found in all
land vertebrates. Certainly, their relatively large size, their phylogenetic age, and
persistent conservation in all groups as they emerged from an aqueous to an
air/land environment lend strong support to the logical deduction that they
probably play an important role in the physiological adaptation to terrestrial
life.
Yet, few biologists know even what or where these glands are. For a variety
of reasons, the Harderian glands have not received the attention they deserve
and, as a result, the published works available have been scarce and scattered
throughout the world literature.
The current situation is remarkably similar to that which existed in regard to
the pineal gland prior to the mid-1960s, i.e., scattered literature, unknown
function, few investigators, and little interest. Yet, following a few key papers,
interest in the pineal gland expanded and soon an explosive increase in the
knowledge and understanding of the pineal gland took place and continues
today. Will history repeat itself?
Originally, a few of us discussed the desirability of an informal Symposium
on the Harderian glands. As such things are wont to do, we soon began to
expand our ideas: why not solicit review chapters by known experts, and while
we were at it, why not develop a complete bibliography of all published works
on the glands. Why not bring together all that was known about these enigmatic
glands under a single cover to serve as the "source" as of 1990, a stepping
stone for new and established investigators alike. With such a volume
available, biologists, biochemists, and physiologists would have the world
literature at their fingertips, along with all the investigations currently
under way.
Cautious inquiries to known investigators confirmed our suspicions: there
was indeed an interest in such an undertaking. As a result of further inquiries,
Springer-Verlag agreed to publish such a volume. For that, we are taking this
opportunity to collectively thank them for their willingness to gamble and their
unusual foresightedness. Such corporate behavior is rare indeed!
VI Foreword
Originally, this book was to be made up of three parts: (1) review chapters;
(2) Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Harderian glands,
held in Barcelona, Spain, on 11-13 Oct, 1990 and supported by FISS (90/8074),
CIRIT (ARC550) and DGICHT (CO-86-90), (3) an accessory bibliography
containing all other known papers not specifically referred to in the other two
sections. Unfortunately, space limitations prevented the inclusion of Part 2.
These papers, representing contemporary work on the Harderian glands, will
appear in the November and December 1991 issues of Endocrinologia (Doyma,
J.A., Barcelona).
It is pertinent that a complete "master" bibliography is now on floppy disc
and is being continually updated by Dr. Jan Hugo, Faculty of Medicine,
Department of Pathology and Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice,
5 CS-128 53 Prague 2, Czechoslovakia. All investigators of Harderian gland
biology are urged to automatically forward a copy of their published works to
him.
It is our fervent hope that this beginning is indeed just that, and that,
henceforth, the mention of Harderian glands will be common knowledge and
not evoke surprise or embarrassment.
February, 1992 The Editors
Table of Contents
The Past, Present and Future of the Harderian Gland
J.M. OLCESE ........................................... .
Comparative Anatomy of the Mammalian Harderian Glands
T. SAKAI ............................................... 7
1 Introduction .......................................... 7
2 Harderian Gland in Individual Mammalian Species ........... 8
3 Macroscopic Anatomy of the Mammalian Harderian Gland .... 15
3.1 Location and Shape of the Harderian Gland ............. 15
3.2 Duct of the Harderian Gland ......................... 15
3.3 Innervation ....................................... 17
3.4 Orbital Venous Sinus ............................... 18
4 Comparative Anatomy of the Harderian Gland .............. 18
4.1 Mammalian Harderian Gland ......................... 18
4.2 Harderian Gland in Mammals and Lower Vertebrates ...... 19
References ............................................. 20
Harderian Glands and Their Development in Laboratory
Rats and Mice
K. SHIRAMA and M. HOKANO ............................... 25
1 Introduction ......................................... 25
2 Histological Organization .............................. 25
2.1 Secretory Epithelium ............................... 26
2.2 Myoepithelial Cells ................................ 30
2.3 Interstitial Connective Tissue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4 Cytology ........................................ 32
3 Secretory Products .................................... 34
3.1 Lipids ........................................... 34
3.2 Porphyrins ....................................... 34
3.3 Melatonin ....................................... 37
3.4 Other products ................................... 38
VIII Table of Contents
4 Innervations ......................................... 38
5 Development ........................................ 39
6 Hormones .......................................... 41
6.1 Gonadal Steroids .................................. 41
6:2 Thyroid Hormones ................................ 43
7 Light .............................................. 44
8 Tumours and Diseases ................................. 45
9 Ocular Immune System ................................ 46
10 Conclusions ......................................... 46
References ............................................. 47
The Structure of the Harderian Gland of the Golden Hamster
A.P. PAYNE, J. MeGAD EY, H.S. JOHNSTON ..................... 53
1 Introduction .......................................... 53
2 General Features ...................................... 53
3 Particular Features .................................... 54
3.1 The Epithelial Cells ................................. 54
3.1.1 The Epithelial Cells of the Male Gland ............. 54
3.1.2 The Epithelial Cells of the Female Gland ............ 57
3.1.3 Classification of Epithelial Cell Types ........ ~ . . . . . 58
3.2 The Luminal Contents ............................... 58
3.3 Myoepithelial Cells ................................. 59
3.4 Interstitial Tissues .................................. 60
3.5 The Secretory Duct ................................. 61
4 Hormones and the Harderian Gland ....................... 63
5 Development of the Hamster Harderian Gland ............... 64
6 Comparisons with Other Species and Overview .............. 64
References ............................................. 65
The Mammalian Harderian Gland: Ultrastructure, Sexual Dimorphism,
and Its Regulation by Light and Steroids
M.J. NADAKAVUKAREN .................................... 69
1 Introduction .......................................... 69
2 Secretory Epithelium ................................... 70
2.1 Rabbit ........................................... 70
2.2 Armadillo ........................................ 70
2.3 Gerbil ........................................... 71
2.4 Rat .............................................. 71
2.5 Mouse ........................................... 72
2.6 Plains Mouse ...................................... 73
2.7 Woodmouse ....................................... 74
2.8 Hamster .......................................... 74
Table of Contents IX
3 Secretory Products ..................................... 78
3.1 Lipids ........................................... 78
3.2 Porphyrin ........................................ 79
4 Myoepithelial Cells .................................... 80
5 Innervation .......................................... 82
6 Secretory Duct ........................................ 82
7 Sexual. Dimorphism .................................... 84
7.1 Influence of Light .................................. 85
7.2 Regulation by Steroids .............................. 86
References ............................................. 88
The Harderian Gland of Amphibians and Reptiles
G. CHIEFFI, G. CHIEFFI-BACCARI, L. DI MATTEO, M. O'ISTRIA,
S. MARMORINO, S. MINUCCI, B. VA RRIALE ...................... 91
1 Introduction ......................................... 91
2 Embryology ......................................... 91
2.1 Amphibians ...................................... 91
2.2 Reptiles ......................................... 92
3 Gross Anatomy ...................................... 92
3.1 Amphibians ...................................... 92
3.2 Reptiles ......................................... 92
4 Histology and Ultrastructure ............................ 93
4.1 Amphibians ...................................... 93
4.2 Reptiles ......................................... 95
5 Histochemistry ....................................... 100
5.1 Amphibians ...................................... 100
5.2 Reptiles ......................................... 100
6 Regulation of the Secretory Activity ...................... 101
6.1 Exogenous Factors ................................ 102
6.2 Endogenous Factors ............................... 103
7 Pinealectomy ........................................ 103
8 Hypophysectomy ..................................... 103
9 Sex Hormones ....................................... 104
10 Putative Functions .................................... 105
11 Concluding Remarks .................................. 106
References ............................................. 106
Morphology of the Harderian Gland in the Rabbit.
A Short Review
W. KUHNEL ............................................ 109
1 Introduction .......................................... 109
2 Gross Anatomy ....................................... 110
X Table of Contents
3 Morphology .......................................... 110
3.1 Light Microscopy .................................. 110
3.2 Electron Microscopy ................................ 112
3.3 Innervation ....................................... 116
3.4 Lipid Droplet Section ............................... 116
4 Histochemistry-Biochemistry ............................. 121
5 Conclusions .......................................... 122
References ............................................. 123
The Function of the Harderian Gland in the Mongolian Gerbil,
Meriones unguiculatus
D. TmESSEN ............................................ 127
1 Introduction .......................................... 127
2 The Release of Harderian Gland Secretions ................. 128
3 Chemical Communication and Harderian Gland Function ...... 132
4 Thermoregulation and Osmoregulation ..................... 134
5 The Delicate Balance ................................... 137
References ............................................. 139
Gonadal Hormones, Structure and Porphyrin Synthesis in the
Rodent Harderian Gland
A.P. PAYNE, R.c. SPIKE, M.R. MOORE ........................ 141
1 Sex Differences in Porphyrin Synthesis and Gland Structure .... 141
2 Hormone Changes, Gland Structure and Porphyrin Synthesis ... 144
2.1 The Male Hamster Harderian Gland ................... 144
2.2 The Female Hamster Harderian Gland .................. 145
2.3 Interrelation Between Structure and Porphyrin Synthesis .... 149
2.4 Why Should Hormones Affect the Harderian Gland? ....... 149
2.4.1 Because it is a gland of ectodermal origin ............. 149
2.4.2 Because it synthesises porphyrins ................... 149
2.4.3 Because it is a site of immune response ............... 150
2.4.4 Because it synthesises lipids ........................ 150
2.4.5 Because it produces pheromones .................... 151
2.5 How Can We Use This Interrelationship? ................ 151
References ............................................. 152
The Harderian Gland in Birds: Histology and Immunology
R.B. BURNS ............................................ 155
1 Introduction ......................................... 155
2 The Shape of the Avian Harderian Glands ................. 155
3 Secretory Duct ....................................... 156
4 Histology ........................................... 156
5 Secretory Mechanism .................................. 159