Harbour Protection Through Data Fusion Technologies (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security)

362 Pages·2008·3.27 MB·English

by  Elisa Shahbazian

Harbour Protection Through Data Fusion
Technologies
NATO Science for Peace and Security Series
This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO
Programme: Science for Peace and Security (SPS).
The NATO SPS Programme supports meetings in the following Key Priority areas: (1)
Defence Against Terrorism; (2) Countering other Threats to Security and (3)NATO, Partner
and Mediterranean Dialogue Country Priorities. The types of meeting supported are
generally "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops". The NATO
SPS Series collects together the results of these meetings.The meetings are co-
organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO's "Partner" or
"Mediterranean Dialogue" countries.The observations and recommendations made at
the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, reflect those of parti-
cipants and contributors only;they should not necessarily be regarded as reflecting NATO
views or policy.
Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses intended to convey the
latest developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience
Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but
informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for
future action
Following a transformation of the programme in 2006 the Series has been re-named and
re-organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetings
supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series.
The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in conjunction
with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division.
Sub-Series
A. Chemistry and Biology Springer
B. Physics and Biophysics Springer
C. Environmental Security Springer
D. Information and Communication Security IOS Press
E. Human and Societal Dynamics IOS Press
http://www.nato.int/science
http://www.springer.com
http://www.iospress.nl
Series C: Environmental Security
Harbour Protection Through Data
Fusion Technologies
edited by
Elisa Shahbazian
OODA Technologies Inc.
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Galina Rogova
Encompass Consulting,
Honeoye Falls, NY, U.S.A.
and

Michael J. DeWeert
BAE Systems Spectral Solutions,
Sensor Systems - Identification and Surveillance
ASW/MD Directorate
Honolulu, Hawaii
Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Data Fusion Technologies for Harbour Protection
Tallinn, Estonia
27 June – 1 July 2005
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008932229
ISBN 978-1-4020-8882-7 (PB)
ISBN 978-1-4020-8881-0 (HB)
ISBN 978-1-4020-8883 -4 (e-book)
Published by Springer,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands.
www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
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recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a
computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
PREFACE
An Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) “Data Fusion Technologies for
Harbour Protection” was held in Tallinn, Estonia 27 June–1 July, 2005. This
workshop was organized by request of the NATO Security Through Science
Programme and the Defence Investment Division.
An ARW is one of many types of funded group support mechanisms established
by the NATO Science Committee to contribute to the critical assessment of existing
knowledge on new important topics, to identify directions for future research, and to
promote close working relationships between scientists from different countries and
with different professional experiences.
The NATO Science Committee was approved at a meeting of the Heads of
Government of the Alliance in December 1957, subsequent to the 1956
recommendation of “Three Wise Men” – Foreign Ministers Lange (Norway),
Martino (Italy) and Pearson (Canada) on Non-Military Cooperation in NATO. The
NATO Science Committee established the NATO Science Programme in 1958 to
encourage and support scientific collaboration between individual scientists and to
foster scientific development in its member states. In 1999, following the end of
the Cold War, the Science Programme was transformed so that support is now
devoted to collaboration between Partner-country and NATO-country scientists or
to contributing towards research support in Partner countries. Since 2004, the
Science Programme was further modified to focus exclusively on NATO Priority
Research Topics (i.e. Defence Against Terrorism or Countering Other Threats to
Security) and also preferably on a Partner country priority area.
The objective of this ARW was to bring together harbour security domain experts
(administrators, policy makers, etc.) with a group of technology experts of
international standing in Data/Information Fusion and detection technology in order
to provide a mutual understanding of needs and capabilities related to Harbour
protection. Thanks to the combined efforts of personnel from the NATO Security
Through Science Programme, the NATO Defence Investment Division, the NATO
Committee of National Armaments Directors (Defence Investment Division) and the
ARW organizing committee, 61 participants in all pertinent domains (security and
harbour officials, sensor technology, and fusion technology) were selected. The
selection criteria included the technical complementarity of the area of expertise, the
country of origin as well as the requirement to include a sufficient number of
participants from each pertinent domain.
Data/Information Fusion is a very broad interdisciplinary technology domain. It
provides techniques and methods for processing and integrating information from
multiple sources at different levels of abstraction to support effective decision-
making and includes
v
vi PREFACE
1. Estimation and prediction of the state of single objects (level 1)
2. Estimation and prediction of the state of the environment by analyzing
relationships between estimated objects within a specific context (level 2 and 3)
3. Controlling/refining the fusion processes (level 4 fusion)
It was apparent that most of the harbour security domain experts had very little
understanding of fusion technology, and some understanding of specific types of
sensors used for harbour security in their respective countries. While technology
experts had some exposure to the problems and specific methods related to
harbour security, they did not have full understanding of many aspects of Harbour
operations.
To facilitate information exchange and a better understanding of mutual
problems, the ARW included both presentation and brainstorming sessions in the
form of Working Group discussions. Participants were distributed into working
groups so that each group included experts in each of the pertinent domains and
that the groups were multinational. The program and working group participation
can be found at http://arwestonia2005.com/program.htm.
The contents of this volume are structured consistently with this program.
Section 1 includes papers of domain experts describing policies, implementations
of security measures and strategies in various countries, Section 2 discusses
existing and future technologies for harbour security, Section 3 is devoted to the
discussion of methodology for situation and threat assessment and decision
support, Section 4 presents data fusion methods for maritime surveillance, and
Section 5 includes the description of possible algorithms that can be applicable to
designing port security systems. The volume concludes with a summary of the
findings of the workshop presented at the SPIE Defence and Security Symposium
2006 (17 April 2006, Orlando (Kissimmee), FL, USA).
The workshop identified information and processing necessary for developing a
fusion system capable of enhancing the decision-making capabilities of security
experts. There is a significant on-going effort in many countries aimed at
designing data and information fusion systems in the military domain. At the same
time, much less work has been done to understand the domain requirements and
developing systems dealing with harbour protection. The workshop identified
numerous information/data fusion related research issues to be investigated
specifically for harbour security, and made the first step towards addressing these
issues. In addition, other technologies and processing required for designing such
systems were discussed. Among important research problems identified by the
ARW participants were:
– Methods of expert knowledge elicitation
– Methods on comprehensive and computationally tractable domain represent-
ation e.g., methods of effective representation of all procedures and regulations
related to ships, cargo, and people movements
PREFACE vii
– Means to support cooperation between various agencies and technology
enabling secure information exchange between different agencies and
databases
– Methods of situation and threat assessment including methods of event
detection, normalcy modeling, modeling of intent and capability of terrorist
organizations
– Methods for information quality assessment
– Emerging sensor technologies
Participants representing Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Estonia, France, Germany,
Israel, Italy, Jordan, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, UK, and USA
contributed in this ARW. A distinguished group of experts was assembled and the
technical program was organized with the generous and very capable assistance of
the Organizing Committee composed of Dr. Elisa Shahbazian (Canada), Mr. Aivar
Usk (Estonia), Dr. Maria Rey (Canada), Dr. Galina Rogova (USA), and Dr. Albena
Tchamova (Bulgaria).
The value to be gained from any ARW depends on participants who devote so
much of their time and talents to make the ARW successful. As the reader of these
proceedings will see, this ARW was particularly honoured with an exceptional
group of experts to whom the organizers and participants offer their deep
appreciation.
Due to the broad interdisciplinary nature of the subject, as well as the
intentionally very disparate backgrounds of participants, the editors of this volume
were faced with difficult decisions, such as:
– Dealing with structural inconsistencies in papers provided for the proceedings
between domain experts and technologists
– Dealing with different levels of maturity of technology presented by represent-
atives of different countries
– Accepting papers that discussed technology methods without providing explicit
discussion of how they may be applied for harbour security
– Accepting some differing interpretations of the technology that are not always
consistent with the views of the editors
We are grateful to a number of organizations for providing the financial
assistance that made the workshop possible. Foremost is the NATO Security
Through Science Programme and the Defence Investment Division which initiated
the workshop, provided important financial support, helped to involve very
pertinent experts as well as provided valuable organizational support. In addition,
the following sources made significant contributions: the U.S. Office of Naval
Research, Defence Research and Development Canada in Valcartier, Cybernetica
AS company of Estonia, Centre of Research in Mathematics of the University of
Montreal, and Lockheed Martin Canada.
We would like to thank the management of Hotel ATHENA located on the
scenic Viimsi peninsula for ensuring that all the needs of the ARW were satisfied.
viii PREFACE
We would specifically like to thank Aivar Usk from the Department of
Navigation Systems of Cybernetica AS (the Estonian member of the Organizing
Committee) without whom it would be very hard to ensure the ARW’s success.
A very special acknowledgement goes to Ani Shahbazian who undertook the
very challenging task of first performing the English Language editing of all the
lecturers’ manuscripts and then re-formatting all lectures after the technical editing
was complete, producing a camera-ready document for the publisher.
And, finally, all of our thanks go to the people of Estonia, who certainly
displayed, in every way, their warmth and hospitality.
December 2007
Elisa Shahbazian
Montreal, Canada
Galina Rogova
Rochester, USA
Michael J. Deweert
Honolulu, USA
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the NATO Security Through Science Program
and the Defence Investment Division for suggesting this ARW, sponsoring it as
well as helping to involve many important domain experts into this ARW. The
authors would also like to thank Canadas' DRDC for their active participation,
technical contributions and sponsorship as well as the US ONR for their financial
contribution.
(cid:120) The authors thank all participants for their very informative presentations and
hard work as members of the working groups.
(cid:120) Finally we would like to thank Aivar Usk from Cybernetica AS in Estonia, who
chose and made arrangements for a most successful venue in Estonia, in
addition to his technical contribution to the ARW.
ix
CONTENTS
Preface.....................................................................................................................v
Acknowledgements................................................................................................ix
List of Participants...............................................................................................xv
CEP and Transport PB&Cs..................................................................................1
Andrzej Jacuch
Implementation of the ISPS Code in Norwegian Ports......................................7
Erik Ørbeck
Practical Implementation of the ISPS Code in the French Seaports..............13
Bernard Delsupexhe
PBIST and Its Projects, with Focus on Port Security.......................................17
Roberto Bertini
Implementation of the ISPS Code in the Russian Federation:
Ships and Ports.....................................................................................................23
Sergei Novikov
Steps to Better Waterside Port and Harbor Security: The Development
of Regional Maritime Safety Systems in the Russian Federation....................27
Alexander Sokolov
Police National Maritime Security Strategy......................................................33
James Douglass
Harbour Protection in the Jordanian Port of Aqaba.......................................37
Bassam Kakish
Feasibility Study on Surveillance and Interdiction Technologies
for the Port of Halifax..........................................................................................43
Francine Desharnais, Dale Blodgett, Robert Bush, Robin Durnford
and Bill Yakamovich
Maritime Surveillance Information Availability in Estonia............................53
Rein Haavel, Monika Oit and Aivar Usk
xi