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A Companion to Wittgenstein Blackwell Companions to Philosophy This outstanding student reference series offers a comprehensive and authoritative survey of philosophy as a whole. Written by today’s leading philosophers, each volume provides lucid and engaging coverage of the key figures, terms, topics, and problems of the field. Taken together, the volumes provide the ideal basis for course use, representing an unparalleled work of reference for students and specialists alike. Already published in the series: 1. The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy, Second Edition 33. A Companion to Nietzsche Edited by Nicholas Bunnin and Eric Tsui‐James Edited by Keith Ansell Pearson 2. A Companion to Ethics 34. A Companion to Socrates Edited by Peter Singer Edited by Sara Ahbel‐Rappe and Rachana Kamtekar 3. A Companion to Aesthetics, Second Edition 35. A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism Edited by Stephen Davies, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Edited by Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall Robert Hopkins, Robert Stecker, and David E. Cooper 36. A Companion to Kant 4. A Companion to Epistemology, Second Edition Edited by Graham Bird Edited by Jonathan Dancy, Ernest Sosa and Matthias Steup 37. A Companion to Plato 5. A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy Edited by Hugh H. Benson (two‐volume set), Second Edition 38. A Companion to Descartes Edited by Robert E. Goodin and Philip Pettit Edited by Janet Broughton and John Carriero 6. A Companion to Philosophy of Mind 39. A Companion to the Philosophy of Biology Edited by Samuel Guttenplan Edited by Sahotra Sarkar and Anya Plutynski 7. A Companion to Metaphysics, Second Edition 40. A Companion to Hume Edited by Jaegwon Kim, Ernest Sosa and Gary S. Rosenkrantz Edited by Elizabeth S. Radcliffe 8. A Companion to Philosophy of Law and Legal Theory, 41. A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Second Edition Historiography Edited by Dennis Patterson Edited by Aviezer Tucker 9. A Companion to Philosophy of Religion, Second Edition 42. A Companion to Aristotle Edited by Charles Taliaferro, Paul Draper, and Philip L. Quinn Edited by Georgios Anagnostopoulos 10. A Companion to the Philosophy of Language 43. A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology Edited by Bob Hale and Crispin Wright Edited by Jan‐Kyrre Berg Olsen, Stig Andur Pedersen, 11. A Companion to World Philosophies and Vincent F. Hendricks Edited by Eliot Deutsch and Ron Bontekoe 44. A Companion to Latin American Philosophy 12. A Companion to Continental Philosophy Edited by Susana Nuccetelli, Ofelia Schutte, Edited by Simon Critchley and William Schroeder and Otávio Bueno 13. A Companion to Feminist Philosophy 45. A Companion to the Philosophy of Literature Edited by Alison M. Jaggar and Iris Marion Young Edited by Garry L. Hagberg and Walter Jost 14. A Companion to Cognitive Science 46. A Companion to the Philosophy of Action Edited by William Bechtel and George Graham Edited by Timothy O’Connor and Constantine Sandis 15. A Companion to Bioethics, Second Edition 47. A Companion to Relativism Edited by Helga Kuhse and Peter Singer Edited by Steven D. Hales 16. A Companion to the Philosophers 48. A Companion to Hegel Edited by Robert L. Arrington Edited by Stephen Houlgate and Michael Baur 17. A Companion to Business Ethics 49. A Companion to Schopenhauer Edited by Robert E. Frederick Edited by Bart Vandenabeele 18. A Companion to the Philosophy of Science 50. A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy Edited by W. H. Newton‐Smith Edited by Steven M. Emmanuel 19. A Companion to Environmental Philosophy 51. A Companion to Foucault Edited by Dale Jamieson Edited by Christopher Falzon, Timothy O’Leary, 20. A Companion to Analytic Philosophy and Jana Sawicki Edited by A. P. Martinich and David Sosa 52. A Companion to the Philosophy of Time 21. A Companion to Genethics Edited by Heather Dyke and Adrian Bardon Edited by Justine Burley and John Harris 53. A Companion to Donald Davidson 22. A Companion to Philosophical Logic Edited by Ernest Lepore and Kirk Ludwig Edited by Dale Jacquette 54. A Companion to Rawls 23. A Companion to Early Modern Philosophy Edited by Jon Mandle and David Reidy Edited by Steven Nadler 55. A Companion to W.V.O Quine 24. A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages Edited by Gilbert Harman and Ernest Lepore Edited by Jorge J. E. Gracia and Timothy B. Noone 56. A Companion to Derrida 25. A Companion to African‐American Philosophy Edited by Zeynep Direk and Leonard Lawlor Edited by Tommy L. Lott and John P. Pittman 57. A Companion to David Lewis 26. A Companion to Applied Ethics Edited by Barry Loewer and Jonathan Schaffer Edited by R. G. Frey and Christopher Heath Wellman 58. A Companion to Kierkegaard 27. A Companion to the Philosophy of Education Edited by Jon Stewart Edited by Randall Curren 59. A Companion to Locke 28. A Companion to African Philosophy Edited by Matthew Stuart Edited by Kwasi Wiredu 60. The Blackwell Companion to Hermeneutics 29. A Companion to Heidegger Edited by Niall Keane and Chris Lawn Edited by Hubert L. Dreyfus and Mark A. Wrathall 61. A Companion to Ayn Rand 30. A Companion to Rationalism Edited by Allan Gotthelf and Gregory Salmieri Edited by Alan Nelson 62. The Blackwell Companion to Naturalism 31. A Companion to Pragmatism Edited by Kelly James Clark Edited by John R. Shook and Joseph Margolis 63. A Companion to Wittgenstein 32. A Companion to Ancient Philosophy Edited by Hans‐Johann Glock and John Hyman Edited by Mary Louise Gill and Pierre Pellegrin A Companion to Wittgenstein Edited by Hans‐Johann Glock and John Hyman This edition first published 2017 © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148‐5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley‐blackwell. The right of Hans‐Johann Glock and John Hyman to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Names: Glock, Hans-Johann, 1960– editor. | Hyman, John, editor. Title: A companion to Wittgenstein / edited by Hans-Johann Glock and John Hyman. Description: Hoboken : Wiley, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016034790 | ISBN 9781118641163 (cloth) | ISBN 9781118641477 (epub) | ISBN 9781118641460 (PDF) Subjects: LCSH: Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 1889–1951. Classification: LCC B3376.W564 C633 2017 | DDC 192–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016034790 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover image: Ludwig Wittgenstein, 1930. © The Wittgenstein Archive Set in 10/12pt Photina by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Contributors ix Acknowledgments xiii Wittgenstein’s Published Works in Order of Composition xiv Introduction 1 John Hyman and Hans-Johann Glock Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Sketch of His Life 5 Ray Monk Part I Introductory 21 1. Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Development 23 Wolfgang Kienzler 2. Wittgenstein’s Texts and Style 41 David G. Stern Part II Influences 57 3. Wittgenstein and Schopenhauer 59 Dale Jacquette 4. Wittgenstein and Frege 74 Michael Beaney 5. Wittgenstein and Russell 92 Graham Stevens 6. Wittgenstein, Hertz, and Boltzmann 110 John M. Preston Part III Early Philosophy 125 7. Logical Atomism 127 Leo K.C. Cheung 8. The Picture Theory 141 Colin Johnston v Contents 9. Wittgenstein on Solipsism 159 Ernst Michael Lange 10. Resolute Readings of the Tractatus 175 James Conant and Silver Bronzo 11. Ineffability and Nonsense in the Tractatus 195 Leo K.C. Cheung 12. Metaphysics: From Ineffability to Normativity 209 P.M.S. Hacker Part IV Philosophy and Grammar 229 13. Philosophy and Philosophical Method 231 Hans-Johann Glock 14. Grammar and Grammatical Statements 252 Severin Schroeder 15. The Autonomy of Grammar 269 Michael N. Forster 16. Surveyability 278 Joachim Schulte Part V Logic and Mathematics 291 17. Logic and the Tractatus 293 Roger M. White 18. Wittgenstein’s Early Philosophy of Mathematics 305 Pasquale Frascolla 19. Wittgenstein’s Later Philosophy of Mathematics 319 A.W. Moore 20. Wittgenstein and Antirealism 332 Mathieu Marion 21. Necessity and Apriority 346 Eric Loomis Part VI Language 359 22. Names and Ostensive Definitions 361 Kai Büttner 23. Meaning and Understanding 375 Jason Bridges 24. Rules and Rule-Following 390 Gary Ebbs vi Contents 25. Vagueness and Family Resemblance 407 Hanoch Ben-Yami 26. Languages, Language-Games, and Forms of Life 420 Daniel Whiting 27. Wittgenstein on Truth 433 David Dolby Part VII Mind and Action 443 28. Privacy and Private Language 445 Edward Kanterian 29. The Inner and the Outer 465 William Child 30. Wittgenstein on “I” and the Self 478 Maximilian de Gaynesford 31. Wittgenstein on Action and the Will 491 Maria Alvarez 32. Wittgenstein on Intentionality 502 Stefan Brandt 33. Wittgenstein on Seeing Aspects 517 Arif Ahmed 34. Wittgenstein on Color 533 Jonathan Westphal Part VIII Epistemology 545 35. Wittgenstein on Knowledge and Certainty 547 Danièle Moyal-Sharrock 36. Wittgenstein on Skepticism 563 Duncan Pritchard 37. Wittgenstein on Causation and Induction 576 Constantine Sandis and Chon Tejedor 38. Wittgenstein and Philosophy of Science 587 Vasso Kindi Part IX Ethics, Aesthetics, and Religion 603 39. Wittgenstein and Ethics 605 Robert L. Arrington 40. Wittgenstein and Aesthetics 612 Severin Schroeder vii Contents 41. Wittgenstein and Anthropology 627 Brian R. Clack 42. Wittgenstein and Philosophy of Religion 639 John Cottingham 43. Wittgenstein and Psychoanalysis 651 Edward Harcourt Part X Philosophical Schools and Traditions 667 44. Wittgenstein and the Aristotelian Tradition 669 Roger Pouivet 45. Wittgenstein and Kantianism 682 Robert Hanna 46. Wittgenstein and the Vienna Circle 699 Thomas Uebel 47. Wittgenstein and Ordinary Language Philosophy 718 Anita Avramides 48. Wittgenstein and Pragmatism 731 David Bakhurst and Cheryl Misak 49. Wittgenstein and Naturalism 746 Christopher Hookway 50. Wittgenstein and Continental Philosophy 757 Stephen Mulhall Index 771 viii List of Contributors Arif Ahmed University of Cambridge Maria Alvarez King’s College London Robert L. Arrington‡ Georgia State University Anita Avramides St Hilda’s College, Oxford David Bakhurst Queen’s University, Kingston Michael Beaney King’s College London and Humboldt University, Berlin Hanoch Ben‐Yami Central European University, Budapest Stefan Brandt Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nürnberg Jason Bridges University of Chicago Silver Bronzo Higher School of Economics, Moscow Kai Büttner Independent Scholar Leo K.C. Cheung Chinese University of Hong Kong William Child University College, Oxford ‡Deceased ix