Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals, Fourth Edition

1544 Pages·2014·40.517 MB·English

by  Gunnar F. Nordberg, Bruce A. Fowler, Monica Nordberg

Handbook on the Toxicology
of Metals
Fourth Edition
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Handbook on the
Toxicology of Metals
Fourth Edition
Volume I: General Considerations
Editors
Gunnar F. Nordberg
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine,
Umeå University, Sweden
Bruce A. Fowler
Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA,
and Center for Alaska Native Health Research, University of Alaska
Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
Monica Nordberg
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet,
Stockholm, Sweden
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Preface
The Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals is a compre- completely rewritten and others have undergone com-
hensive review in 61 peer-reviewed chapters dealing prehensive updating.
with the effects of metallic elements and their com- The fourth edition is considerably expanded com-
pounds on biological systems. Special emphasis has pared to the third edition. In 14 new chapters, we bring
been laid on the toxic effects in humans, although toxic new information of urgent interest in metal toxicology.
effects in animals and in vitro biological systems are As a consequence, the new fourth edition is published
also discussed whenever relevant. As a basis for a bet- in two volumes—(I) General Considerations and (II)
ter understanding of the potential for adverse effects Specific Metals. For the interested reader who seeks
on human health, information is also given on the more detailed information on specific topics, each
sources, transport, and transformation of metals in the chapter also contains a large number of relevant refer-
environment and on certain aspects of the ecological ences to recent reviews whenever these are available.
effects of metals. The development of modern metal-containing
The first edition of the Handbook appeared in 1979. devices in society requires new chapters that reflect
A second edition followed in 1986 and a third edition present concern about the use of new materials such
in 2007. The work rapidly fulfilled the aims of the as nanomaterials. The toxicology of metallic nano-
editors and became a standard reference work for materials is dealt with in a major new chapter in this
physicians, toxicologists, and engineers in the fields of fourth edition. Other metals are being used in new
environmental and occupational health. The aims ways, for example rhodium in catalytic converters
of this fourth edition are basically the same as those that may also contain platinum and palladium, hence
of the previous editions, i.e. to provide easy access increasing the possibility of combined metal expo-
to basic toxicological data and give an overview of sures. This book also takes up the issue of “e-waste”
important diseases and other adverse effects caused from the unregulated recycling of millions of tons
by metals, as well as more in-depth treatment of some of metal-containing electronic devices, which is an
information, including a general introduction to the ever-increasing problem—particularly in developing
toxicology and risk assessment of metals and their countries. The issues of metal toxicology in develop-
compounds and how such assessments lead to pre- ing countries, metals in food, the toxicity of metal and
ventive measures. metal oxide nanoparticles, and the toxic potential of
As with the previous editions, writing the fourth metals released from medical devices are also issues of
edition of this book has formed part of the activities great current public health concern that are reviewed
of the Scientific Committee on the Toxicology of Met- in new specific chapters on these topics. Other new
als under the International Commission on Occupa- chapters deal with “Gene-Environment Interactions,”
tional Health. The editors are happy that the work to “Neurotoxicology of Metals,” “Cardiovascular
make a fourth edition has been given a high priority Disease,” “Renal Effects of Exposure to Metals,” and
among members. In some cases we have been honored metals of increasing concern such as “Gold and Gold
to include authors from outside this committee. The Mining,” “Iridium,” “Lanthanum,” “Lithium,” and
chapter authors have, as far as possible, been the same “Rhodium.”
as those who wrote the previous editions, but in many In addition to these new chapter topics, all chap-
cases we are happy to introduce new colleagues. ters from the third edition of this book have also been
Between the publication of the third edition and the updated to provide a “state of the science” perspective
present fourth edition, a wealth of data has appeared; on a number of major public health issues involving met-
several chapters dealing with specific metals are als. The increasing use of biomarkers in occupational
v
vi Preface
and environmental health has made it essential to “Principles for Prevention of the Toxic Effects of Met-
update and expand the chapter on “Biological Moni- als” and “Risk Assessment” are important chapters
toring and Biomarkers.” A new chapter on “Exposure that have been expanded, and the chapter on the topic
Assessment, Forward and Reverse Dosimetry” has “Essential Metals: Assessing Risks from Deficiency and
also been added to provide information on how data Toxicity” takes up the issue of metals that are essential
generated from biological monitoring and biomarker for good health at low exposures but toxic at elevated
studies may be translated for risk assessment purposes exposure levels.
through computer modeling techniques. Immunotoxi- Finally, the editors would like to acknowledge and
cology is also an expanding field in which consider- thank each contributor to this book for their devotion and
able achievements have been made in recent years. The enthusiasm to this project and for giving priority in their
chapter on “Immunotoxicology of Metals” has there- busy schedules to making this fourth edition of Handbook
fore been expanded. Immunological and genetic find- on the Toxicology of Metals available to the reader.
ings provide, in some cases, good explanations for the
known differences in susceptibility to the development Gunnar F. Nordberg
of disease from exposure to metals; this is the topic of Bruce A. Fowler
the new chapter on “Gene-Environment Interactions.” Monica Nordberg
Short Contents

VOLUME I: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS C H A P T E R
4
Toxicity of Metal and Metal Oxide
Nanoparticles
C H A P T E R
1 HANNA L. KARLSSON, MUHAMMET S. TOPRAK, AND
BENGT FADEEL
Toxicology of Metals:
Overview, Definitions, Concepts,
and Trends C H A P T E R
GUNNAR F. NORDBERG, BRUCE A. FOWLER, AND 5
MONICA NORDBERG
Toxicity of Metals Released from
Implanted Medical Devices
RONALD P. BROWN, BRUCE A. FOWLER,
C H A P T E R SILVIA FUSTINONI, AND MONICA NORDBERG
2
General Chemistry,
C H A P T E R
Sampling, Analytical Methods,
and Speciation 6
DONALD R. SMITH AND
MONICA NORDBERG Toxic Metals in Food
BRUCE A. FOWLER, JAN ALEXANDER, AND
AGNETA OSKARSSON
C H A P T E R
C H A P T E R
3
7
Routes of Exposure, Dose, and
Exposure Assessment, Forward and
Toxicokinetics of Metals
Reverse Dosimetry
ALISON ELDER, GUNNAR F. NORDBERG, AND
MICHAEL KLEINMAN PATRICIA RUIZ AND BRUCE A. FOWLER
vii
viii Short Contents
C H A P T E R C H A P T E R
8 13
Biological Monitoring and Biomarkers Epidemiological Approaches to Metal
Toxicology
TIINA SANTONEN, ANTERO AITIO, BRUCE A. FOWLER, AND
MONICA NORDBERG
PHILIPPE GRANDJEAN AND
ESBEN BUDTZ-JØRGENSEN
C H A P T E R
C H A P T E R
9
14
Selected Molecular Mechanisms of Metal
Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Essential Metals: Assessing Risks from
Deficiency and Toxicity
TODD DAVIDSON, QINDONG KE, AND MAX COSTA
PETER AGGETT, GUNNAR F. NORDBERG, AND
MONICA NORDBERG
C H A P T E R
10
C H A P T E R
15
General Considerations of Dose-Effect and
Dose-Response Relationships
Neurotoxicology of Metals
DAPHNE B. MOFFETT, MOIZ M. MUMTAZ,
DEXTER W. SULLIVAN JR., AND BRUCE A. FOWLER ROBERTO G. LUCCHINI, MICHAEL ASCHNER,
DAVID C. BELLINGER, AND
SAMUEL W. CAITO
C H A P T E R
11 C H A P T E R
16
Interactions and Mixtures in Metal
Toxicology
Cardiovascular Disease
GUNNAR F. NORDBERG, LARS GERHARDSSON,
BENGT SJÖGREN, CAROLINA BIGERT, AND
MOIZ M. MUMTAZ, PATRICIA RUIZ, AND
PER GUSTAVSSON
BRUCE A. FOWLER
C H A P T E R
C H A P T E R
12
17
Gene-Environment Interactions for
Renal Effects of Exposure to Metals
Metals
LARS BARREGARD AND
KARIN BROBERG, KARIN ENGSTRÖM, AND CARL-GUSTAF ELINDER
SHEGUFTA AMEER
Short Contents ix
C H A P T E R C H A P T E R
18 23
Carcinogenicity of Metal Compounds Diagnosis and Treatment of Metal
Poisoning: General Aspects
FREDA LAULICHT, JASON BROCATO, QINGDONG KE, AND
MAX COSTA
LARS GERHARDSSON AND GEORGE KAZANTZIS
C H A P T E R
C H A P T E R
19
24
Immunotoxicology of Metals
Principles for Prevention of the Toxic
PER HULTMAN AND K. MICHAEL POLLARD
Effects of Metals
PHILIP J. LANDRIGAN, ROBERTO G. LUCCHINI, DAVID
KOTELCHUCK, AND PHILIPPE GRANDJEAN
C H A P T E R
20
C H A P T E R
Effects of Metallic Elements 25
on Reproduction and
Development Metal Toxicology in Developing Countries
PIETRO APOSTOLI AND SIMONA CATALANI BRUCE A. FOWLER, CANDACE M. PRUSIEWICZ, AND
MONICA NORDBERG
C H A P T E R VOLUME II: SPECIFIC METALS
21
C H A P T E R
Ecotoxicology of Metals—Sources,
26
Transport, and Effects on the
Ecosystem
Aluminum
POUL BJERREGAARD, CHRISTIAN B.I. ANDERSEN, AND
OLE ANDERSEN BENGT SJÖGREN, ANDERS IREGREN, JOHAN MONTELIUS,
AND ROBERT A. YOKEL
C H A P T E R C H A P T E R
22 27
Risk Assessment Antimony
GUNNAR F. NORDBERG AND CAROLYN A. TYLENDA, DEXTER W. SULLIVAN JR., AND
BRUCE A. FOWLER BRUCE A. FOWLER