Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology PDF
Preview Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology
Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology Edited by Duncan Mara and Nigel Horan School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, UK Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper Copyrightq2003Elsevier Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyany means,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,orany informationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthe publisher. AcademicPress AnImprintofElsevier 84Theobald’sRoad,LondonWC1X8RR,UK http://www.academicpress.com AcademicPress AnImprintofElsevier 525BStreet,Suite1900SanDiego,California92101-4495,USA http://www.academicpress.com ISBN0-12-470100-0 LibraryofCongressCatalogNumber:2002114097 BritishLibraryCataloguinginpublicationdata Handbookofwaterandwastewatermicrobiology 1. Drinkingwater – Microbiology 2. Sewage – Microbiology I. Mara,Duncan II. Horan,N.J. 628.106 ISBN0-12-470100-0 TypesetbyAldens PrintedandboundinGreatBritain 03 04 05 06 07 08 BP 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Contributors vii Preface ix PART 1: BASIC MICROBIOLOGY 1 Microbial nutrition and basic metabolism 3 E C S Chan Introduction tomicrobes ofsanitary importance 2 Viruses 37 John Heritage 3 Bacteria 57 EdwardD Schroeder andStefanWuertz 4 Protozoa 69 Nigel Horan 5 Filamentous fungi inwater systems 77 Graham Kinsey, Russell Paterson andJoan Kelley 6 Microbial flora of thegut 99 B S Drasar 7 Faecal indicatororganisms 105 Duncan Mara 8 Detection,enumeration andidentificationof environmental microorganisms of publichealth significance 113 HowardKator and Martha Rhodes 9 Fundamentals of biological behaviour andwastewater strengthtests 145 M C Wentzel,GeorgeA Ekama and R E Loewenthal PART 2: WATER ANDEXCRETA-RELATED DISEASES 10 Microorganisms and disease 177 R Morris 11 Unitaryenvironmentalclassificationofwater-andexcreta-relatedcommunicablediseases 185 Duncan Mara andR G AFeachem 12 Emerging waterbornepathogens 193 Debra Huffman, WalterQuintero-BetancourtandJoan Rose 13 Health effects ofwaterconsumption andwaterquality 209 PierrePayment 14 Drinking-water standards for thedeveloping world 221 Jamie Bartram, Guy Howard iii iv CONTENTS 15 Controlofpathogenic microorganisms in wastewater recycling andreusein agriculture 241 Hillel Shuval and Badri Fattal 16 Developing risk assessmentsof waterborne microbial contaminations 263 Paul Gale 17 Health constraints on theagriculturalrecycling of wastewater sludges 281 AlanGodfree 18 Effluent dischargestandards 299 David W MJohnstone PART 3: MICROBIOLOGY OF WASTEWATERTREATMENT Introduction to microbiological wastewater treatment 19 Fixed film processes 317 Paul Lessardand Yann LeBihan 20 Biofilm formationand its rolein fixed film processes 337 Lu´ıs F Melo 21 Suspended growthprocesses 351 Nigel Horan 22 Protozoaas indicators of wastewater treatment efficiency 361 Paolo Madoni 23 The microbiology of phosphorus removalin activated sludge 373 TE Cloete,M M Ehlers, Jvan Heerden and B Atkinson 24 Anaerobic treatment processes 391 GK Anderson, P JSallis andS Uyanik 25 The Nitrogen cycle and its applicationin wastewater treatment 427 Cien Hiet Wong,GeoffW Barton and John P Barford 26 Low-cost treatment systems 441 Duncan Mara 27 Microbial interactions in facultative and maturation ponds 449 Howard Pearson 28 Sulphate-reducing bacteria 459 Oliver JHao Behaviourof pathogensin wastewater treatment processes 29 Viruses in faeces 473 John Oragui 30 Bacterial pathogen removal fromwastewater treatment plants 477 Tom Curtis 31 Fate and behaviourofparasites in wastewater treatment systems 491 Rebecca Stott Problemsin wastewater treatment processes 32 Activated sludge bulking and foaming: microbes andmyths 525 R JFoot and M S Robinson 33 Odourgeneration 545 Arthur G Boon andAlison JVincent 34 Recalcitrant organiccompounds 559 JS Knapp and K C ABromley-Challenor 35 Heavy metals in wastewater treatment processes 597 JBinkley and JASimpson CONTENTS v PART 4: DRINKING WATER MICROBIOLOGY 36 Surface waters 611 Huw Taylor 37 Storedwater (rainjars and raintanks) 627 John Pinfold 38 Coagulation and filtration 633 CarolineS Fitzpatrick and John Gregory 39 Microbial responseto disinfectants 657 Jordi Morato´,JaumeMir, Francisc Codony,JordiMas andFerran Ribas 40 Giardia and Cryptosporidiumin water and wastewater 695 HV Smith and AM Grimason 41 Biofilms in waterdistribution systems 757 Charmain JKerr,KeithS Osborn, Alex HRickard, GeoffDRobson andPauline SHandley 42 Taste and odour problems inpotable water 777 EstherOrtenbergand Benjamin Teltsch Useful Websites 795 Index 797 This Page is Intentionally Left Blank Contributors GK Anderson University ofNewcastleupon John Gregory University College London, UK Tyne,UK AM Grimason Stobhill Hospital, and Univer- J PArbord Hong Kong Universityof Science sity of Strathclyde, Glasgow,UK and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong Pauline S Handley University ofManchester, BAtkinsonTechnikonofNatal,Durban,South UK Africa Oliver JHao University of Maryland, USA J P Barford Hong Kong University of Science John HeritageUniversity of Leeds, UK and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong NigelHoran University of Leeds, UK (SAR) China Guy HowardLoughboroughUniversity, UK GW BartonUniversity of Sydney, Australia DebraEHuffmanUniversityofSouthFlorida, Jamie Bartram World Health Organization, USA Geneva, Switzerland David WM Johnstone Swindon, UK John BinkleyProduct Designand Develop- HowardKator College of William andMary, ment, BoltonInstitute, UK Virginia,USA ArthurG Boon Halcrow Water, Crawley, UK Joan Kelley CABI Bioscience,Surrey, UK KC ABromley-Challenor Department of Charmain J Kerr United Utilities, Warrington, Microbiology, University of Leeds, UK UK ECSChanMcGillUniversity,Quebec,Canada GrahamKinsey CABI Bioscience,Surrey, UK T E CloeteUniversity of Pretoria,Transvaal, J S Knapp Department of Microbiology, South Africa University of Leeds, UK FransciscCodonyUniversitatAuto`noma de Yann Le Bihan Universite´ Laval, Que´bec, Barcelona,Spain Canada Tom Curtis Universityof Newcastle, New- Paul Lessard Universite´ Laval,Que´bec, castle upon Tyne,UK Canada B S DrasarLondonSchool ofHygiene and RE LoewenthalUniversity of Cape Town, TropicalMedicine, London, UK South Africa M M Ehlers University of Pretoria, Transvaal, Paolo MadoniUniversita di Parma, Italy South Africa DD Mara University ofLeeds,UK GA Ekama University of Cape Town, South J MasUniversitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Africa Spain Badri FattalThe HebrewUniversity of Jerusa- Luı´s F MeloUniversity of Porto, Portugal lem, Israel J Mir Universitat Polite`cnica de Catalunya, RG AFeachem GlobalFund to FightAIDS, Barcelona,Spain Geneva-Cointrin,Switzerland JMorato´ UniversitatPolite`cnicadeCatalunya, Caroline S Fitzpatrick University College Barcelona,Spain London,UK RMorris ConsultantEnvironmental Biologist, RJ Foot Wessex Water, UK Leicestershire,UK Paul Gale WRC-NSF, Marlow, UK Peter Murchie USEPA, Chicago, USA AGodfreeNorthWestWaterLtd,Warrington, John Oragui Harefield Hospital, Harefield, UK Middlesex, UK vii viii CONTRIBUTORS Esther Ortenberg Israel Ministry ofHealth, PJ Sallis University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Tel-Aviv, Israel UK Keith S Osborn United Utilities,Warrington, Edward DSchroederUniversityofCalifornia, UK California, USA Russell Paterson CABI Bioscience,Surrey, UK Hillel ShuvalThe HebrewUniversity of Pierre PaymentINRS-Institut Armand–Frap- Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel pier, Laval, Quebec, Canada JASimpson BoltonInstitute, Bolton, UK Howard Pearson Federal University of Rio HVSmith StobhillHospital and University Grande do Norte,Natal, Brazil of Strathclyde,Glasgow, UK John Pinfold Brighton,UK Rebecca Stott University of Portsmouth,UK Huw Taylor University ofBrighton,Brighton Walter Quintero-Betancourt Michigan State UK University, EastLansing,USA Benjamin Teltsch MekorotWater Co, Israel Martha Rhodes College of Williamand Mary, SUyanikHarranUniversity,Sanly´urfa,Turkey Virginia,USA Jvan Heerden University of Pretoria, FRibas AGBAR (Sociedad General de Aguas Transvaal, South Africa de Barcelona,S.A.),Barcelona, Spain Alison J Vincent Hyder Consulting,Cardiff, Alex HRickard University of Manchester, UK Manchester, UK MC Wentzel University of Cape Town, Cape MS Robinson Wessex Water,UK Town, SouthAfrica Geoff DRobson University of Manchester, CHWong CPGConsultants, Novena Square, Manchester, UK Singapore Joan B Rose Michigan State University, East Stefan Wuertz University of California, Lansing, USA California, USA Preface Some 2300 years ago Hippocrates wrote: ‘My whetherfaecalindicatorbacteria – principally othertopiciswater,andInowwishtogivean coliform bacteria – were present in the disin- account both about waters that cause disease fected water or not. Zero coliforms, and zero andaboutthosethatarehealthy,andwhatbad faecal coliforms, quickly became the microbio- thingsarisefromwaterandwhatgoodthings. logical goal of drinking water quality. No-one Forwatercontributesverymuchtohealth.’So wouldreallyquestionthegeneralsenseofthis our appreciation of a relationship between the goal – chlorinate your water and you get zero water we use and ourhealth has been with us coliforms per 100 ml, so everything’s OK. End foraverylongtime.Hippocrateswasunlikely of story. to have been the first person to realise the Life is rarely this simple, and water and existence of this relationship and we have wastewater microbiology is no exception. probablyknownsinceourspeciesevolvedthat Emerging water-borne pathogens (Cryptospor- water of adequate quantity and quality is idium,forexample)requireustohaveadeeper essentialforour survival andourhealth. understanding of water microbiology. Opti- Wenowknow(andhaveknownforjustover mizing (really, maximizing) microbiological 100 years) that water quality is governed by wastewater treatment also requires a knowl- (but,ofcourse,notonlyby)microorganisms – edge of microbiology greater than that pos- the viruses, bacteria and parasites that can sessed by many design engineers. Structural infectusandmay(andveryoftendo)makeus engineershaveaprettygoodunderstandingof ill. Microorganisms are also central to waste- concrete,forexample – sowhyshouldn’tthose water treatment and the reuse of treated who design activated sludge plants or waste wastewaters – we exploit them to treat our stabilizationpondshaveanequalappreciation wastes biologically (actually, microbiologi- of the microorganisms whose activities are cally), and we must ensure that pathogenic essential to the treatment process they are microorganisms are removed in the treatment designing? processestoalevelatwhichtheydonotcause The purpose of this Handbook is to provide any excess disease resulting from wastewater an introduction to modern water and waste- use inagricultureor aquaculture. water microbiology, especially for water and Water disinfection, usually with chlorine, wastewater engineers. The study of water and has been practised in many parts of the world (but regrettably not all) for over 100 years. wastewater microbiology is very rewarding: Waterchlorinationisaveryefficientprocess:it better water treatment, better wastewater kills bacteria very quickly (but viruses more treatment, safer wastewater reuse, and thus slowly, and protozoa such as Giardia and healthierpeople – in allparts of our world. Cryptosporidium hardly at all). Faecal bacterial numbers,inparticular,arereducedtozero,and thus early water engineers judged the quality Duncan Mara of chlorinated water supplies quite simply on Nigel Horan ix
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