Handbook of Water Analysis, Third Edition PDF
Preview Handbook of Water Analysis, Third Edition
T H I R D E D I T I O N © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC T H I R D E D I T I O N E D I T E D B Y L e o M . L . N o l l e t L e e n S . P. D e G e l d e r Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20130614 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-8966-4 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface ......................................................................................................................................................ix Editors .......................................................................................................................................................xi Contributors ............................................................................................................................................xiii Section I Sampling and Data Treatment Methods 1. Sampling Methods in Surface Waters ............................................................................................3 Munro Mortimer, Jochen F. Müller, and Matthias Liess 2. Methods of Treatment of Data ......................................................................................................47 Riccardo Leardi Section II Radioanalytical Analysis 3. Radioanalytical Methodology for Water Analysis ......................................................................79 Jorge S. Alvarado Section III Organoleptical Analysis 4. Organoleptical Methodology ........................................................................................................101 Abdul Moheman, Md. Musawwer Khan, and K. S. Siddiqi Section IV Analysis of Biological Parameters 5. Bacteriological Analysis of Water ................................................................................................115 Paulinus Chigbu and Salina Parveen 6. Marine Toxins Analysis ................................................................................................................153 Luis M. Botana, A. Alfonso, M. R. Vieytes, N. Vilariño, A. M. Botana, C. Louzao, and C. Vale 7. Algal Analysis ................................................................................................................................163 Leonardo Rubi Rörig Section V Halogens, N-Compounds, and Phosphates 8. Halogens .........................................................................................................................................189 Géza Nagy and Livia Nagy 9. Analysis of Sulfur Compounds in Water ...................................................................................233 Leo M. L. Nollet v © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC vi Contents 10. Determination of Ammonia in Water Samples .........................................................................249 Juliana Antunes Galvão, Alexandre Matthiensen, Marília Oetterer, Y. Moliner-Martínez, R. A. Gonzalez-Fuenzalida, M. Muñoz-Ortuño, R. Herráez-Hernández, J. Verdú-Andrés, C. Molins-Legua, and P. Campíns Falcó 11. Nitrites and Nitrates .....................................................................................................................283 Adnan Aydın 12. Phosphates in Aquatic Systems ...................................................................................................327 Alexandre Matthiensen, Juliana Antunes Galvão, and Marília Oetterer Section VI Cyanides, Asbestos, Metals, and Si-Compounds 13. Cyanides ........................................................................................................................................365 Leo M. L. Nollet 14. Asbestos in Water .........................................................................................................................379 James S. Webber 15. Heavy Metals, Major Metals, Trace Elements ..........................................................................385 Jorge E. Marcovecchio, Sandra E. Botté, Claudia E. Domini, and Rubén H. Freije 16. Determination of Silicon and Silicates ........................................................................................435 Salah M. Sultan Section VII Organic Parameters 17. Main Parameters and Assays Involved with the Organic Pollution of Water .......................459 Lorena Vidal, Claudia E. Domini, and Antonio Canals 18. Determination of Organic Nitrogen in the Aquatic Environment ..........................................493 Juliana Antunes Galvão, Alexandre Matthiensen, and Marília Oetterer 19. Determination of Urea in Aquatic Samples ................................................................................511 Juliana Antunes Galvão, Alexandre Matthiensen, and Marília Oetterer 20. Organic Acids ................................................................................................................................521 Mercedes Gallego Fernández, Evaristo Ballesteros Tribaldo, and Beatriz Jurado Sánchez 21. Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Water .......................................................549 Iván P. Román Falcó and Marta Nogueroles Moya Section VIII Phenolic and Humic Compounds 22. Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Water ......................................................................613 Leo M. L. Nollet 23. Characterization of Humic Matter .............................................................................................647 Leo M. L. Nollet © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents vii Section IX Residues of Pesticides 24. Determination of Pesticides in Water .........................................................................................665 Evaristo Ballesteros Tribaldo 25. Analysis of Herbicide and Fungicide Residues in Waters ........................................................697 N. Sridhara Chary, Maria Jose Gómez Ramos, and Amadeo R. Fernández-Alba Section X Residues of PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFS, and PAHs 26. Analysis of PCBs in Waters .........................................................................................................765 L. Bartolomé, O. Zuloaga, and N. Etxebarria 27. PCDDs and PCDFs ......................................................................................................................789 Luigi Turrio-Baldassarri, Paola Pettine, and Laura Achene 28. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons .........................................................................................807 Chimezie Anyakora Section XI Surfactants and Petroleum Hydrocarbon Analysis 29. Surfactants ....................................................................................................................................825 Eva Pocurull and Rosa Maria Marcé 30. Petroleum Hydrocarbon Analysis...............................................................................................845 Iván P. Román Falcó Section XII EDCs and Residues of Plastics 31. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Personal Care Products ..............871 Dimitra A. Lambropoulou and Eleni Evgenidou 32. Residues of Plastics .......................................................................................................................917 Dimitra A. Lambropoulou and Eleni Evgenidou Index ......................................................................................................................................................943 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface The Handbook of Water Analysis, Third Edition, strives to provide the most comprehensive text available in terms of the physicochemical and biological properties and analysis techniques of all types of water. Organized in sections, most chapters cover the physical, chemical, and other relevant properties of a particular subset of water components, followed by a description of sampling, cleanup, extraction, and derivatization procedures, and concluding with detection methods. Earlier techniques that are still frequently in use are compared to recently developed protocols, and an outlook is provided on future trends. Figures are incorporated to provide procedure flow charts and schematics concerning sampling or analytical devices. Numerous tables categorizing methods according to type of component, origin of the water sample, parameters and procedures used, and application range, facilitate the search for further references. Section I of the book lays out two crucial aspects besides the actual analysis procedures. Sound scien- tific investigation starts with a sampling strategy designed to capture the real-world situation as closely as possible, and ends with an adequate chemometrical and statistical treatment of the acquired data. Section II summarizes health and environmental problems due to radionuclides in water and presents new techniques for their determination. Section III regarding organoleptical analysis of water acknowledges that ultimately the consumers of drinking water have the final vote over its quality regarding odor, flavor, and color. Water houses many organisms, of which the smallest may cause illness and produce toxic substances. Section IV discusses bacteriological and algal analysis, as well as the occurrence and detection of marine toxins. Sections V through XII encompass harmful or toxic components originating from domestic, agricul- tural, or industrial sources that can be found in different waters. Inorganic substances include nitrogen, sulfur, phosphate, silica, and halogenated compounds, cyanides, (heavy) metals, and asbestos. Organic compounds comprise organic nitrogen and acids, volatile and phenolic compounds, and humic mat- ter. The main groups of anthropogenic polluting compounds are discussed: pesticides, PCBs, PCDDs, PCDFS, PAHs, petroleum hydrocarbons, and surfactants. Specific chapters in these sections are also dedicated to the challenging category of micropollut- ants, such as endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceutical and personal care products and plastic residues. This book aims to be a reference work for anybody learning about or carrying out water analysis, from undergraduate and graduate students to scientific researchers and technicians in academic, governmen- tal, industrial, or nonprofit sectors. All contributors are international experts in their field of water analysis, whom we would like to thank cordially for all their efforts. This book is dedicated to three granddaughters, Fara, Fleur, and Kato, and two grandsons Naut and Roel and two daughters, Hanne and Mona, for whom we wish that they can always enjoy fresh, clean water in their lifetime. It is far more impressive when others discover your good qualities without your help. — Judith Martin ix © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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