Handbook of Typography for the Mathematical Sciences

164 Pages·2001·2.115 MB·English

by  Steven G. Krantz

Handbook of Typography for the
Mathematical Sciences
Steven G. Krantz
January 21, 2003
©2001 CRC Press LLC
©©©222000000111 CCCRRRCCC PPPrrreeessssss LLLLLLCCC
To Johann Gutenberg (n´ee Gensfleisch) and Donald E. Knuth.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
©©22000011 CCRRCC PPrreessss LLLLCC
Table of Contents
1BasicPrinciples
1.1AnOverview
1.2 ChoiceofNotation
1.3DisplayingMathematics
1.4Consistency
1.5OverallDesign
2TypesettingMathematics
.20IntroductoryRemarks
2.1WhatisT EX?
2.2MethodsofTypesettingMathematics
2.3ALightningTourofT EX
2.4TheGutsofT EX
2.5ModesofTypesettingMathematics
2.6LineBreaksinDisplayedMathematics
.27TypesofSpace
.28TechnicalIssues
2.9IncludingGraphicsinaT EXDocument
2.9.1HandlingGraphicsintheComputerEnvironment
2.9.2TheInclusionofaPostScript (cid:1) Graphic
2.9.3GraphicsandtheL ATEX2ε Environment
2.9.4TheUseofPCT EX(cid:1)
2.9.5FreewarethatWillHandleGraphics
3 TEXandtheTypesettingofText
3.1OtherWordProcessorsandTypesettingSystems
3.2 ModesofTypesettingText
3.3HyphensandDashes
3.4Alignment
3.5TypesettingMaterialinTwoColumns
3.6SomeTechnicalTextualIssues
4FrontMatterandBackMatter
4.1TheBeginning
4.2 TheEnd
4.3ConcludingRemarks
5CopyEditing
5.1TraditionalMethodsofCopyEditing
5.2 CommunicatingwithYourCopyEditor
5.3CommunicatingwithYourTypesetter
©2001 CRC Press LLC
5.4CommunicatingwithYourEditor
5.5ModernMethodsofCopyEditing
5.6MoreonInteractingwithYourCopyEditor
5.7ManuscriptProofs,GalleyProofs,andPageProofs
5.8TheEndoftheProcess
6 TheProductionProcess
6.1ProductionofaPaper
6.2 ProductionofaBook
6.3WhatHappensatthePrinter’s
7PublishingontheWeb
7.1IntroductoryRemarks
7.2 HowtoGetontheWeb
7.3WebResources
7.4MathematicsandtheWeb
7.5SoftwaretoGowithyourBookorArticle;WebSites
AppendixI:CopyEditor’s/Proofreader’sMarks
AppendixII:UseofCopyEditor’sMarks
AppendixIII:SpecializedMathematicsSymbols
AppendixIV:StandardAlphabets
AppendixV:AlternativeMathematicalNotations
AppendixVI:T EX,PostScript, (cid:1) Acrobat,(cid:1)
andRelatedInternetSites
AppendixVII:BasicT EXCommands
AppendixVIII: ASampleofL ATEX
Glossary
References
ResourcesbyType
©2001 CRC Press LLC
AUTHOR
Steven G. Krantz, Ph.D.,receivedhisdoctoratefromPrincetonUni-
versity in 1974 and his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of
California at Santa Cruz in 1971. Dr. Krantz was an Assistant Profes-
soratUCLA,avisitingAssociateProfessoratPrincetonUniversity,and
Associate Professor and Professor at Penn State.
Dr. Krantz is currently Professor and Chairman of the Department of
MathematicsatWashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis; heisalsoavisiting
professor and lecturer at many universities around the world.
Dr. Krantz has written more than 105 research papers and many ar-
ticles and reviews. He has written or edited thirty books. He is the
founder and managing editor of the Journal of Geometric Analysis. He
is also the editor of the CRC Press series Studies in Advanced Mathe-
matics. Dr.KrantzistheholderoftheUCLAFoundationDistinguished
Teaching Award, the Chauvenet Prize, the Beckenbach Prize, and the
Outstanding Academic Book Award.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
©©22000011 CCRRCC PPrreessss LLLLCC
PREFACE
Ellen Swanson’s book Mathematics into Type is a unique and im-
portant contribution to the literature of technical typesetting. It set a
standard for how mathematics should be translated from a handwritten
manuscript to a printed book or document. While Swanson’s book was
intendedprimarilyasaresourcefortechnicaltypesetters,itwasalsoim-
portanttomathematicalandothertechnicalauthorswhowantedtotake
an active role in ensuring that their work reached print in an attractive
and accurate form.
The landscape has now changed considerably. With the advent and
wide availability of TEX,1 most mathematicians can take a more active
role in producing typeset versions of their work. Indeed, many mathe-
maticians currently use TEX to write preliminary versions of their work
that are very similar (in many respects) to what will ultimately appear
in print.
While the output from TEX has a more typeset appearance than that
frommostwordprocessors,theTEXproductisnotautomatically(with-
out human intervention) “ready to go to press.” There are still “post-
processing” typesetting issues that must be addressed before a work
actually appears in print. The style and format of running heads, sec-
tion headings and other titles, the formatting of theorems and other
enunciations, the text at the bottom of the page, page break issues, and
thefontsandspacingusedinallofthesegounderthenameof“pagede-
sign”. These are often customized for a particular book or journal. The
index and table of contents must be designed and typeset. Graphics,
and sometimes new fonts, must be integrated. Additional questions of
style in the formatting of equations and superscripts and subscripts can
alsoarise. MostTEXusersdonotknow howtohandlethequestionsjust
listed, which is why most publishers currently send TEX documents for
books or journal articles to a third-party TEX consultant. The purpose
of the present work is to serve as a touchstone for those who want to
learn to make typesetting decisions themselves.
1TEXisamarkuplanguagefordoingmathematicaltypesetting. Wewilltalkabout
TEXinmoredetailasthebookdevelops.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Let us set out once and for all what this book is not. It is not a text
for learning TEX. Indeed, A TEX Primer for Scientists by Sawyer and
Krantz provides a venue for the rapid assimilation and mastery of TEX
basics. There is no need to repeat the lessons of A TEX Primer here.
Instead, the present volume is (in part) a book on how to use TEX.
But the typesetting principles enunciated here will apply equally well
for those whose work is being typeset by a different method. The user
of Microsoft Word,(cid:1) for example, will not himself implement (as would
a TEX user) the kerning and formatting and page design commands
whichwediscussinChapters2 and3,buthewillcommunicatewith
the typesetter about those commands. He will not be able to format
equations with the level of precision and detail that we describe, but
he will (after reading this book) be equipped with the vocabulary and
skills to tell the typesetter what he wants. He will not be importing an
encapsulated PostScript(cid:1) figure into his document in just the manner
thatwelayout, buthewilllearntheprocessandthusbeabletoensure
that his book or tract comes out in the form desired.
There is no point to mince words. We believe strongly, and we are
certainlynotaloneinthisbelief,thatthemediumofchoiceforproducing
amathematicaldocumenttodayisTEX. MostmathematiciansuseTEX,
mostpublishersuseTEX,andmostWebsitesaresetupeithertohandle
TEXdocumentsortohandlefilesproducedfromTEXcode. TEXcodeis
more portable than the files from any word processor, and its output is
ofvastlyhigherqualitythantheoutputfromanyothersystemavailable.
With suitable plug-ins, TEX can handle graphics beautifully. There is
no formatting problem that TEX cannot handle.2 If you send your work
to a journal or a publisher in any electronic format other than TEX (or
one of the variants of TEX), then you are only inviting trouble and, in
some cases, derision. We hope that this book will serve to convince you
of the correctness of all these assertions.
Prerequisites for reading this book are aknowledge of the elements of
mathematical writing (for which see, among other sources, A Primer of
Mathematical Writing by this author) and an interest in mathematical
typesetting and graphics issues. We certainly do not assume that the
reader is an active user of TEX. We include a brief description of TEX
and its most basic commands, just because TEX is so much a part of
mathematical life today; and also because it is easier to describe some
2Considerthistypesettingproblem: Youhaveanexpressionthatconsistsofa3×3
matrix divided by an integral, and you want to typeset it in displayed fashion as
a fraction. TEX can perform this task beautifully and easily, with simple and sure
commands. Your word processor cannot, nor can any other document preparation
systemthatisavailableasofthiswriting. Asimilarremarkappliestocommutative
diagrams,totables,andtomanyotherhigh-leveltypesettingtasks.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
ofthetypesettingproceduresthatareessentialtomathematicsifone
canmakereferencetoT EX.InAppendicesIIIandVIIweincludea
compendiumofalltheT EXcommandsthataremostcommonlyusedin
mathematicalwriting.AppendixVIIIcontainsasampleofT EX code
together with the compiled output. The reader who spends some time
with the present book will certainly come away with considerable moti-
vation for learning more about TEX.
Likewise,wedonotassumethatthereaderisconversantwiththetools
for providing his book or manuscript with graphics—such as PostScript
orbitmap(*.bmp)filesor*.jpgfilesor*.gifor*.pdffilesorPICTEX.
Instead,wehopetoacquaintthereaderwiththeseandsomeoftheother
graphics options that are available to the mathematical author.
The tools that are now available for creating the index, the table of
contents,thelistoffigures,thebibliography,tables,diagrams,andother
writing elements are both powerful and marvelous. We wish to compile
herearesourcefortheauthorwhowantstotakecontroloftheseportions
of the creation of a book or document.
Finally, many a book author today will want his book to contain a
computer diskette, or a reference to software that is available on the
World Wide Web, or source code for software. We will discuss issues
attendanttothispartofmathematicalwriting,andoffersomesolutions
as well.
The reader who becomes acquainted with the present work will be a
well-informed author who is equipped to deal with publishers, compos-
itors, editors and typesetters, with TEX consultants, with copy editors,
and with graphics designers of every sort. He may not be tempted to
performthevarioustypesettingandformattingandgraphicaltaskshim-
self, but he will be prepared to communicate with those who do. It is
ourhopethattheresultwillbeanauthorwhohasabetterunderstand-
ing of the publishing process, and one who will want to and be able to
create better mathematics books.
Steven G. Krantz
St. Louis, Missouri
©2001 CRC Press LLC
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Overtheyears,myfriendandcollaboratorStanleySawyerhastaught
me a great deal about TEX and about typesetting. He was also good
enough to read many drafts of the manuscript for this book, and to
offer innumerable suggestions. For all of his help and suggestions I am
grateful.
George Kamberov has been a great resource in helping me learn how
to include graphics in a TEX document. His friendship and patience are
much appreciated.
CRC Press has engaged several reviewers to help me hone this book
into the precise and accurate tool that it should be. To all of them I
express my indebtedness.
My editor, Bob Stern, has been encouraging and helpful in every as-
pect of the production of this book. He helped me interpret the review-
ers’ remarks and keep this book on track. As always, thanks.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
chapter 1
Basic Principles
1.1 An Overview
Theabilitytowritewellisnotagiftfromtheheavens.Itisacraftthat
ishonedanddevelopedovertime.Thisassertionisastruefortechnical
writingasitisforproseandpoetry.Alargepartofthecraftisthe
abilitytoharnessone’sthoughtsandtoorganizethemintosentences,
paragraphs,andchapters.Today’stechnicalwriterisalsoinvolvedin
thephysicalprocessofputtingthewordsonthepage.Wordprocessing
systemslikeMicrosoft Word andcomputertypesettingsystemslikeT EX
putthewriterinchargeofthecompositionofthepage,thechoiceof
fonts,thelayoutofsectionandchaptertitles,thedesignofrunning
heads,andofmanyotheraspectsofthebookordocumentasitwill
finallyappear.
Thusthecreationofadocumentinthemodernwritingenvironment
involvesnotonlythetraditionalprocessoforganizingone’sthoughts,
butalsoplanningtheformofthedocument.Therearesomeeasychoices
thatcanbemade.L ATEX(adialectofT EXinventedbyLeslieLamport) 1
allowsyoutochooseoneofseveraldifferentpre-formatteddocument
styles(inLATEX2.09)ordocumentclasses(inL ATEX2ε).Asanexample,
youcanchoosethe book documentstyleordocumentclassbyentering
\documentstyle{book} or \documentclass{book} asthefirstlineof
yourTEXsourcecodefile.SeethesamplecodeinAppendixVIII.Once
youhavemadethischoice,manytypesettingandpagedesigndecisions
areautomaticallymadeforyou.Yoursections,subsections,theorems,
propositions,definitions,examples,equations,andsoforthareallnum-
beredautomatically.Everyreferencetoanequationortheoremorother
enunciationwillbe linkedtothattheoremorequation,sothatallofyour
1SeeChapter2formoreinformationaboutT EXandLATEX. AmongdialectsofTEX,
LATEX is often preferred by publishers because it gives authors fewer choices, and
becauseitisastructuredlanguage.
©2001 CRC Press LLC