Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents

1199 Pages·2015·51.58 MB·English

by  Ramesh C. Gupta (ed.)

HANDBOOK OF TOXICOLOGY OF
CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS
THE UNCERTAINTY OF THE DANGER BELONGS
TO THE ESSENCE OF TERRORISM
Jürgen Habermas (1929–Present)
HANDBOOK OF
TOXICOLOGY
OF CHEMICAL
WARFARE
AGENTS
SECOND EDITION
Edited by
Ramesh C. Gupta, DVM, MVSc, PhD, DABT, FACT, FACN, FATS
Professor and Head, Toxicology Department
Breathitt Veterinary Center
Murray Sate University
Hopkinsville, Kentucky
USA
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Dedication
This book is dedicated to my beloved wife Denise, daughter Rekha,
and parents, the late Chandra and Triveni Gupta
v
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Contents
List of Contributors xi 9. Organophosphate Nerve Agents 87
ANNETTA WATSON, DENNIS OPRESKO, ROBERT A.
I YOUNG, VERONIQUE HAUSCHILD, JOSEPH KING
AND KULBIR BAKSHI
INTRODUCTION, HISTORICAL
10. Russian VX 111
PERSPECTIVE, AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
VLADIMIR REMBOVSKIY, ANDREY RADILOV, ELENA
SAVELIEVA, SERGEY KUZNETSOV, IGOR MINDUKSHEV,
DARIA PROKOFIEVA, NADEZHDA KRIVOROTOVA,
1. Introduction 3
NATALIA KHLEBNIKOVA, RICHARD O. JENKINS AND
RAMESH C. GUPTA NIKOLAY GONCHAROV
2. Historical Perspective of Chemical 11. Riot Control Agents 131
Warfare Agents 7
COREY J. HILMAS
NATHAN H. JOHNSON, JOSEPH C. LARSEN AND
EDWARD MEEK 12. Psychotomimetic Agent BZ
(3-Quinuclidinyl Benzilate) 151
3. Global Impact of Chemical Warfare Agents
JOSEF FUSEK, JIRI BAJGAR, JIRI KASSA,
Used Before and After 1945 17
KAMIL KUCA AND DANIEL JUN
JIRI BAJGAR, JOSEF FUSEK, JIRI KASSA, KAMIL KUCA
AND DANIEL JUN 13. Neurological Effects and Mechanisms
of Blast Overpressure Injury 159
4. The Tokyo Subway Sarin Attack: Acute and
DOROTHY L. DOBBINS AND XIAOPING PAN
Delayed Health Effects in Survivors 27
TETSU OKUMURA, KENJI TAKI, KOUICHIRO SUZUKI, 14. Thallium 167
TAKEMI YOSHIDA, YUKIO KUROIWA AND
LARRY J. THOMPSON
TETSUO SATOH
15. Arsenicals: Toxicity, Their Use as Chemical
5. Early and Delayed Effects of Sulfur Mustard in
Warfare Agents, and Possible Remedial
Iranian Veterans After the Iraq–Iran Conflict 37
Measures 171
MAHDI BALALI-MOOD
SWARAN J.S. FLORA
6. Epidemiology of Chemical Warfare Agents 47
16. Fluoroacetate 193
LINDA A. MCCAULEY
NIKOLAY GONCHAROV, ELENA SAVELIEVA, VALERIY
ZINCHENKO, SERGEY KUZNETSOV, IGOR MINDUKSHEV,
7. Chemical Weapons of Mass Destruction and MAXIM VINOKUROV, PAVEL AVDONIN, NATALIA
Terrorism: A Threat Analysis 55 VOITENKO, ANTON UKOLOV, TATIANA ORLOVA,
RICHARD O. JENKINS AND ANATOLIY KUZNETSOV
RENÉ PITA AND ARTURO ANADÓN
17. Strychnine 215
II JIRI PATOCKA
18. Superwarfarins 223
AGENTS THAT CAN BE USED AS
WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION MICHAEL J. MURPHY AND ANDRES M. LUGO
19. PCBs, Dioxins and Furans: Human
8. Mustards and Vesicants 69 Exposure and Health Effects 239
ROBERT A. YOUNG AND CHERYL B. BAST BOMMANNA G. LOGANATHAN AND SHIGEKI MASUNAGA
vii
viii CONTENTS
20. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: III
Implications for Developmental, Molecular,
TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY
and Behavioral Neurotoxicity 249
CLAIRE E. BOLLINGER, MONIQUE MCCALLISTER,
RYAN CLARK, RAINA RHOADES, MARK MAGUIRE, 34. Chemical Warfare Agents and the Nervous
RUSSELL E. SAVAGE, YUQIN JIAO, ARAMANDLA System 463
RAMESH AND DARRYL B. HOOD
JING LIU, CHIBUZOR UCHEA, LINNZI WRIGHT
21. Carbon Monoxide: From Public Health AND CAREY POPE
Risk to Painless Killer 267
35. Behavioral Toxicity of Nerve Agents 477
DAYA R. VARMA, SHREE MULAY AND
JIRI KASSA, JIRI BAJGAR, KAMIL KUCA AND DANIEL JUN
SYLVAIN CHEMTOB
22. Methyl Isocyanate: The Bhopal Gas 287 36. The Respiratory Toxicity of Chemical
Warfare Agents 489
DAYA R. VARMA AND SHREE MULAY
ALFRED M. SCIUTO AND URMILA P. KODAVANTI
23. Cyanide Toxicity and its Treatment 301
37. Cardiovascular System as a Target of
RAHUL BHATTACHARYA AND SWARAN J.S. FLORA
Chemical Warfare Agents 519
24. Chlorine 315
CSABA K. ZOLTANI
SYLVIA MILANEZ
38. Ocular Toxicity of Chemical Warfare
25. Phosgene 327 Agents 535
CHERYL B. BAST AND DANA F. GLASS-MATTIE PATRICK M. MCNUTT AND TRACEY L. HAMILTON
26. Other Toxic Chemicals as Potential 39. Dermal Toxicity of Sulfur Mustard 557
Chemical Warfare Agents 337
JOSHUA P. GRAY, MICHAEL P. SHAKARJIAN,
JIRI BAJGAR, JIRI KASSA, JOSEF FUSEK, KAMIL DONALD R. GERECKE AND ROBERT P. CASILLAS
KUCA AND DANIEL JUN
40. Skeletal Muscle 577
27. Ricin 347
RAMESH C. GUPTA, SNJEZANA ZAJA-MILATOVIC,
RUSSELL DORSEY, GEORGE EMMETT AND WOLF-D. DETTBARN AND JITENDRA K. MALIK
HARRY SALEM
41. Reproductive Toxicity and Endocrine
28. Botulinum Toxin 361
Disruption of Potential Chemical
JAIME ANDERSON AND COREY J. HILMAS Warfare Agents 599
29. Anthrax 387 TIMOTHY J. EVANS
COREY J. HILMAS AND JAIME ANDERSON 42. Liver Toxicity of Chemical Warfare Agents 615
30. Onchidal and Fasciculins 411 SHASHI K. RAMAIAH AND ATRAYEE BANERJEE
ARTURO ANADÓN, MARIA ROSA MARTÍNEZ-
43. Renal System 627
LARRAÑAGA AND LUIS G. VALERIO JR.
SHARON M. GWALTNEY-BRANT
31. Cyanobacterial (Blue-Green Algae) Toxins 421
44. The Immune System as a Target for Chemical
DEON VAN DER MERWE
Warfare Agents 639
32. Radiation and Health Effects 431
KAVITA GULATI AND ARUNABHA RAY
KAUSIK RAY AND MELISSA STICK
45. Alternative Animal Toxicity Testing of
33. Depleted Uranium 447 Chemical Warfare Agents 657
GEORGE C-T JIANG AND MICHAEL ASCHNER GOPALA KRISHNA AND SARYU GOEL
CONTENTS ix
IV VI
SPECIAL TOPICS TOXICOKINETICS,
TOXICODYNAMICS AND
46. Genomics and Proteomics in Brain PHYSIOLOGICALLY-BASED
Complexity in Relation to Chemically PHARMACOKINETICS
Induced PTSD 677
BEENA M. KADAKKUZHA, XIN-AN LIU AND VALERIO RIZZO 56. Toxicokinetic Aspects of Nerve Agents and
Vesicants 817
47. Clinical and Cellular Aspects of Traumatic
Brain Injury 691 HARALD JOHN, FRANK BALSZUWEIT, KAI KEHE,
FRANZ WOREK AND HORST THIERMANN
JASON PITT AND YIUKA LEUNG
57. Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics of DFP 857
48. Excitotoxicity, Oxidative Stress, and
MIGUEL SOGORB, JORGE ESTEVEZ AND EUGENIO VILANOVA
Neuronal Injury 709
SNJEZANA ZAJA-MILATOVIC AND RAMESH C. GUPTA 58. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic
Modeling of Chemical Warfare Agents 875
49. Blood–Brain Barrier Damage and
JEFFERY M. GEARHART, PETER J. ROBINSON AND
Dysfunction by Chemical Toxicity 725
EDWARD M. JAKUBOWSKI
RAMESH C. GUPTA, JASON PITT AND SNJEZANA
59. Biotransformation of Warfare Nerve Agents 883
ZAJA-MILATOVIC
MILAN JOKANOVIĆ
50. Neuropathologic Effects of Chemical
Warfare Agents 741 VII
RANDALL L. WOLTJER
ANALYTICAL METHODS,
51. The Effects of Organophosphates in the BIOSENSORS AND BIOMARKERS
Early Stages of Human Muscle
Regeneration 751 60. On-Site Detection of Chemical Warfare
TOMAZ MARS, KATARINA MIS, SERGEJ PIRKMAJER, MAJA Agents 897
KATALINIC AND ZORAN GRUBIC
YASUO SETO
52. Cholinesterase Inhibitors: From Molecular
61. Laboratory Analysis of Chemical Warfare
Mechanisms of Action to Current and
Agents, Adducts, and Metabolites in
Future Prospects 761
Biomedical Samples 915
NIR WAISKOPF AND HERMONA SOREQ
M.J. VAN DER SCHANS
62. Biosensors for the Detection of OP
V
Nerve Agents 925
RISKS TO ANIMALS AND WILDLIFE JUN-ICHI ANZAI
53. Potential Agents That Can Cause Contamination 63. Neuropathy Target Esterase as a Biomarker and
of Animal Feedstuffs and Terror 781 Biosensor of Delayed Neuropathic Agents 935
ROBERT W. COPPOCK AND MARGITTA DZIWENKA RUDY J. RICHARDSON, R. MARK WORDEN, SANJEEVA
J. WIJEYESAKERE, NICHOLE D. HEIN, JOHN K. FINK AND
GALINA F. MAKHAEVA
54. Chemical Warfare Agents and Risks to
Animal Health 791 64. Biomarkers of Exposure to Organophosphorus
TINA WISMER Poisons: A New Motif for Covalent Binding to
Tyrosine in Proteins That Have No Active Site
55. Threats to Wildlife by Chemical and
Serine 953
Warfare Agents 809
OKSANA LOCKRIDGE, LAWRENCE M. SCHOPFER AND
ROBERT W. COPPOCK AND MARGITTA DZIWENKA PATRICK MASSON