Handbook of the Neuroscience of Language

490 Pages·2008·9.16 MB·English

Handbook of the Neuroscience
of Language
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Handbook of the Neuroscience
of Language
BRIGITTE STEMMER AND HARRY A. WHITAKER
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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First edition 2008
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This book is dedicated to
Harold Goodglass, André Roch Lecours and Klaus Poeck
who inspired and motivated generations
of students and researchers
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Contents
Contributors xvii 1.5.1. Assessment of Language in Dementia 8
1.5.2. Assessment of Language in TBI and RHD 9
Preface xix
1.6. Interface between Language and Other Cognitive
Prologue xxi Functions 9
Guido Gainotti 1.6.1. Working Memory, Executive Functions, and
Language 9
1.6.2. Object Recognition, Semantic Processing, and
Language 10
PART 1.7. Challenges and Future Directions 10
I
2. The Hypothesis Testing Approach to the
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
Assessment of Language
Lyndsey Nickels
1. Classical and Contemporary
Assessment of Aphasia and Acquired 2.1. Introduction 13
Disorders of Language 2.2. What is the Hypothesis Testing Approach to
Assessment? 13
Yves Turgeon and Joël Macoir
2.2.1. How Do We Form Hypotheses? 15
2.2.2. How Do We Test Hypotheses? 16
1.1. Introduction 3
2.3. Hypothesis Testing of Language Impairment:
1.2. Nature of Language Defi cits 4
Assessment Resources and Considerations 16
1.2.1. Classifi cation of Aphasic Syndromes
2.3.1. Interpreting Success and Failure on a
and Symptoms 4
Task 1 7
1.2.2. Pure Language Impairments 4
2.3.2. Converging Evidence 17
1.3. Theoretical Models for the Assessment of
2.3.3. Assessment Materials 18
Language Impairment 5
2.4. Summary and Conclusions 20
1.3.1. The Clinical–Neuroanatomical Approach
2.5. Challenges and Future Directions 20
to Language Assessment 5
Appendix – Hypothesis Testing: A Worked
1.3.2. Psycholinguistic Approach to
Example 21
Language Assessment 5
1.4. Classical Tests and Aphasia Assessment
Procedures 6
3. The Intracarotid Amobarbital
1.4.1. Bedside and Screening Tests 6
Test (Wada Test) and Complementary
1.4.2. Comprehensive Examinations and Aphasia
Batteries 7 Procedures to Evaluate Language Before
1.4.3. Assessment of Specifi c Aspects of Epilepsy Surgery
Language 7
Alexander I. Tröster and Kirsten R. Mohn
1.4.4. Assessment of Functional Communication 8
1.5 Classical Tests for the Assessment of Language 3.1. Introduction 23
Impairment in Special Populations 8 3.2. Historical Background 23
vii
viii Contents
3.3. Current Clinical Use of the IAT 24 5.4. Time Dynamics of Fronto–Temporal Activations 51
3.4. Rationale Underlying the IAT Procedure 24 5.4.1. Interactionist versus Serial Views of
3.5. Components of the IAT Procedure 25 Perception 51
3.6. Problems and Considerations in IAT Protocol 5.4.2. Frontal and Temporal Activity in Semantic
Administration and Interpretation 26 Processing 52
3.6.1. Unilateral versus Bilateral IAT 26 5.5. Vertical Integration: Coordination of Internal and
3.6.2. Drugs and Administration Methods 27 External Contexts for Meaning 53
3.6.3. Determination of Adequacy of 5.5.1. Hemispheric Contributions to Mood and
Anesthesia and Timing of Stimulus Meaning 53
Presentation 27 5.5.2. Medial Frontal Networks in Semantic
3.6.4. Criteria to Establish Hemispheric Language Memory 53
Dominance 27 5.6. Challenges and Future Directions: Levels of Brain,
3.7. IAT in Pediatric Populations 28 Levels of Language? 53
3.8. Validation and Reliability Studies 28
3.9. Supplementary and Alternative Techniques for
6. A Brief Introduction to
Establishing Language Lateralization 29
Common Neuroimaging Techniques
3.10. Challenges and Future Directions 31
Frank A. Rodden and Brigitte Stemmer
4. Architectonic Language 6.1. Introduction 57
6.2. Electromagnetic Functional Neuroimaging
Research
Techniques 58
Katrin Amunts 6.2.1. The Event-Related Potential Technique 59
6.2.2. Magnetoencephalography 60
4.1. Introduction 33
6.2.3. Benefi ts and Limitations 60
4.2. Broca ’ s Region 35
6.3. Hemodynamic Functional Neuroimaging
4.2.1. Cytoarchitecture of BA 44 and 45 36
Techniques 60
4.2.2. Localization of BA 44 and 45 and Their
6.3.1. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 62
Intersubject Variability 36
6.3.2. Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging:
4.2.3. Receptorarchitecture 38
Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Diffusion-
4.3. W ernicke ’ s Region 39
Weighted Imaging 62
4.4. Other Regions Involved in Language 40
6.3.3. Positron Emission Tomography 63
4.5. Interhemispheric Cytoarchitectonic Differences 40
6.3.4. Benefi ts and Limitations 64
4.6. Cytoarchitectonic Maps for the Analysis
6.4. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 64
of Language 41
6.5. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy 65
4.7. Challenges and Future Directions 42
6.6. Challenges and Future Directions 66
5. Microgenesis of Language: Vertical
Integration of Linguistic Mechanisms Across
PART
the Neuraxis II
Don M. Tucker, Gwen Frishkoff and Phan Luu
NEUROIMAGING OF LANGUAGE
5.1. Introduction 45
5.1.1. Basic Principles and Plan for Chapter 45
5.2. Principles of Brain Structure and Function 46 7. PET Research of Language
5.2.1. Levels of Brain, Levels of Representation 46
Barry Horwitz and Richard J.S. Wise
5.2.2. Language Across Corticolimbic Levels 47
5.2.3. Archicortical and Paleocortical Bases of 7.1. Introduction 71
Microgenesis 48 7.2. PET versus fMRI – Some Methodological Issues 72
5.3. From Anatomical Structure to Neurolinguistic 7.3. Crucial PET Findings 73
Function 49 7.3.1. Language Comprehension 73
5.3.1. Anatomy and Functions of the Medial Temporal 7.3.2. Language Production 76
Lobe 49 7.4. Challenges and Future Directions 78
Contents ix
8. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging 10.4.3. Electrical Stimulation and Subcortical
(fMRI) Research of Language Structures 111
10.5. Challenges and Future Directions 111
Uri Hasson and Steven L. Small
8.1. Introduction 81
11. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
8.2. Recognizing Auditory Input as Speech 82
8.3. Word Representation: Form and Meaning 83 as a Tool for Studying
8.4. From Words to Sentences: Syntactic Processing 84 Language
8.5. From Words to Sentences: Semantic Processing of
Kate E. Watkins and Joseph T. Devlin
Sentences 85
8.6. From Sentences to Discourse 86 11.1. Introduction 115
8.7. Challenges and Future Directions 87 11.2. Assessing Hemispheric Specialization for Language
with TMS 116
11.2.1. High-Frequency rTMS 116
9. Event-Related Potentials in the Study of 11.2.2. Low-Frequency rTMS 116
Language 11.2.3. Single-Pulse TMS and EMG 117
11.2.4. Summary 117
Karsten Steinhauer and John F. Connolly
11.3. Different Effects of TMS On Task Performance:
Posterior Temporal Cortex and Picture
9.1. Introduction 91
Naming 118
9.2. Language-Related Components and Their Functional
11.4. TMS Studies of Semantic and Phonological
Signifi cance 92
Processing in LIFG 120
9.2.1. The N100: An Exogenous Component with
11.5. Speech Perception and the Motor System 120
Linguistic Functions? 92
11.6. Representation of Actions and Verbs in the Motor
9.2.2. Prelexical Expectations: The Phonological
System and Frontal Cortex 121
Mapping Negativity 92
11.7. TMS Studies in Patients with Aphasia 122
9.2.3. Lexico-Semantic Integration: The N400
11.8. Challenges and Future Directions 123
Component 95
9.2.4. Left Anterior Negativities (LANs) and P600s in
Morpho-Syntactic Processing 95
9.2.5. Early and Other Left Anterior Negativities 97 PART
9.2.6. P600/Syntactic Positive Shift 99 III
9.2.7. Verb Argument Structure Violations and
Thematic Roles 99
EXPERIMENTAL NEUROSCIENCE OF
9.2.8. Interactions Between Syntax, Semantics,
LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION
Discourse, and Prosody 100
9.2.9. Prosodic Phrasing: The Closure Positive
Shift 102
12. Disorders of Phonetics and Phonology
9.3. Challenges and Future Directions 103
Hugh W. Buckingham and Sarah S. Christman
12.1. Introduction 127
10. Direct Electrical Stimulation of
12.2. Changing Concepts in the Neurolinguistic Analysis
Language Cortex of Phonetics and Phonology 127
12.2.1. The Effects of Connectionist Modeling of
Barry Gordon and Kerry Ledoux
Phonetics and Phonology 128
10.1. Introduction 105 12.2.2. Can Phonetics and Phonology Be Precisely
10.2. Description of the Technique 105 Dissociated? 128
10.3. Comparison to Other Techniques 107 12.3. Anatomical and Computational Complexity for
10.4. Selected Findings with Cortical Stimulation Broca ’ s Area 129
Technique 107 12.4. Intractable Problems in the Neurolinguistics of
10.4.1. Correspondence with the Classic Functional- Segmental Paraphasias 130
Neuroanatomic Model 107 12.4.1. Are There Segmental Rules in
10.4.2. Divergence from the Classic Neurologic Language? 130
Model 109 12.5. Challenges and Future Directions 134