Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse PDF
Preview Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse
John Brick, PhD Editor Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Pre-publication REVIEWS, COMMENTARIES, EVALUATIONS . . . “Thisbookeffectivelyincorporates “Whethertheyareusedrecreationally theworldliteratureandexpert oraddictively,alcoholandother opinionsonthemedicaloutcomesof drugs affect every organ system in the drugandalcoholabuseinoursociety, humanbody.Advancesinmedicine,tox- offeringinvaluableinformationforall icology,andepidemiologyhavebeenso health care providers as well as re- rapidthatperiodicupdatesofthelitera- searchers and forensic investigators. tureareanabsolutenecessityforthephy- Thecontributorshavethoroughlycov- sician, the neuroscientist, the student, ered a broad range of topics—from andtheaddictiontreatmentprofessional. thecommonknowledgebaseofdrug That’swhatmakesHandbookoftheMedi- effects and drug-induced disease to calConsequencesofAlcoholandDrugAbuse thelesswell-knownconditionssuch apleasuretoreadandatreasureonthe asholoprosencephalyinfetalalcohol bookshelf. John Brick has assembled a syndrome and leukoencephalopathy very readable guide to the most recent associated with inhaled heroin. In a evidenceonthemedicalconsequencesof societythatspendsmoreoninterdic- substanceabuse.Rangingfromtheprac- tion than treatment for drug abuse, ticaltothetheoretical,thechapterstella this text will assist the development compellingstoryabouttheburdenofill- oftherecentlyemergingdiseasemodel nessanddisabilitythatiscausedbysub- ofsubstanceabuseandpavetheway stance abuse.” for treatment as the medical norm.” Thomas F. Babor, PhD, MPH Alan Clark, MD Professor and Chair, Forensic Clinical Analyst and Educator, Department of Community Medicine, InForum Reviews, LLC, University of Connecticut Health Center Carthage, Missouri More pre-publication REVIEWS, COMMENTARIES, EVALUATIONS . . . “Society has long understood that “HandbookoftheMedicalConsequen- use of alcohol and other drugs cesofAlcoholandDrugAbusein- can have serious negative social, psy- cludesthemostup-to-datefindingson chological, and medical effects. Hand- alcohol and other abused drugs. This bookoftheMedicalConsequencesofAlco- bookprovidesahighlyreadablesource hol and Drug Abuse offers a detailed ofinformationonawiderangeofmed- overview of how these substances act icalandotherhealthconsequencesfor on various organs and systems of the physicians and key health profession- body,andtheresultingacuteandchronic alsatatimewhenmainstreamingtreat- health effects. Chapters cover alcohol mentofaddictivediseaseisofcritical and the major drugs of abuse—mari- importance.Thechapterontheneuro- juana,opiates,cocaineandotherstim- anatomicalandneurobehavioraleffects ulants,andinhalants.Allchaptersare ofheavyprenatalalcoholexposureisof thoroughly referenced, providing up- particular importance for both family to-datereviewsofthesignificantlitera- physicians and pediatricians, present- ture on their topics. ing much new information on the ef- Particularlystrongarethechapters fects of prenatal exposure to alcohol ontheeffectsofalcoholandotherdrugs and other drugs.” on the brain, providing a microscopic lookathowdrugsaffectneuronalpath- David E. Smith, MD waysandthesubsequentdamagethat President and Medical Director, canresulttocognitiveandmotorfunc- Haight Ashbury Free Clinics, tions.Alsoofnote,thechaptersonpre- San Francisco natal exposure to alcohol and other drugsexplorethefullspectrumofpo- tentialphysiologicalanddevelopmen- taleffects—fromgrowthandmotorco- ordinationtocognitionandbehavioral results. This handbook succeeds as a comprehensive and indispensable ref- erenceforthescientist,thehealthprac- titioner,andtheseriousstudentofalco- hol and drug problems.” Penny Booth Page, MLS Director of Information Services, Rutgers University Center of Alcohol Studies, Piscataway, New Jersey NOTES FOR PROFESSIONAL LIBRARIANS AND LIBRARY USERS This is an original book title published by The Haworth Press, Inc. Unlessotherwisenotedinspecificchapterswithattribution,materials inthisbookhavenotbeenpreviouslypublishedelsewhereinanyfor- mat or language. CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION NOTES AllbookspublishedbyTheHaworthPress,Inc.anditsimprintsare printedoncertifiedpHneutral,acidfreebookgradepaper.Thispaper meetstheminimumrequirementsofAmericanNationalStandardfor Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Material, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse THE HAWORTH PRESS Contemporary Issues in Neuropharmacology John Brick, PhD, MA, FAPA Senior Editor Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuseedited by John Brick Other titles of related interest: Drug Abuse and Social Policy in America: The War That Must Be Wonby Barry Stimmel Pain and Its Relief Without Addiction: Clinical Issues in the Use of Opioids and Other Analgesicsby Barry Stimmel Drugs, the Brain, and Behavior: The Pharmacology of Abuse and Dependenceby John Brick and Carlton K. Erikson The Love Drug: Marching to the Beat of Ecstasyby Richard S. Cohen Alcoholism, Drug Addiction, and the Road to Recovery: Life on the Edgeby Barry Stimmel The Group Therapy of Substance Abuseedited by David W. Brook and Henry I. Spitz Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse John Brick, PhD Editor The Haworth Press® New York • London • Oxford ©2004byTheHaworthPress,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisworkmaybereproducedor utilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,microfilm, andrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. The Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580. PUBLISHER’S NOTE: Thisbookhasbeenpublishedsolelyforeducationalpurposesandisnotintendedtosubstitute forthemedicaladviceofatreatingphysician.Medicineisanever-changingscience.Asnew researchandclinicalexperiencebroadenourknowledge,changesintreatmentmayberequired. Whilemanypotentialtreatmentoptionsaremadeherein,someoralloftheoptionsmaynotbe applicabletoaparticularindividual.Therefore,theauthor,editor,andpublisherdonotaccept responsibility in the event of negative consequences incurred as a result of the information presentedinthisbook.Wedonotclaimthatthisinformationisnecessarilyaccuratebytherigid scientific and regulatory standards applied for medical treatment. No Warranty, Express or Implied,isfurnishedwithrespecttothematerialcontainedinthisbook.Thereaderisurged to consult with his/her personal physician with respect to the treatment of any medical condition. Cover design by Lora Wiggins. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of the medical consequences of alcohol and drug abuse / John Brick, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7890-1863-2 (hc : alk. paper)—ISBN 0-7890-1864-0 (sc : alk. paper) 1. Substance abuse—Pathophysiology—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Brick, John, 1950- RC564 .H3585 2003 616.86—dc21 2002015168 CONTENTS About the Editor ix Contributors xi Foreword xiii Carlton K. Erickson Preface xvii Chapter 1. Characteristics of Alcohol: Chemistry, Use, and Abuse 1 John Brick What Is Alcohol? 1 Scientific Notation for Alcohol Concentrations 3 Defining Alcohol Use 4 Chapter 2. Medical Consequences of Alcohol Abuse 7 John Brick Overview 7 Alcohol and Accidental Injuries 7 Alcohol and the Skeletal System 13 Cancers 18 Alcohol-Induced Pancreatic Injury 20 Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury 20 Cardiovascular Diseases 25 Conclusions 31 Chapter 3. The Neuropsychological Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse 49 Rosemarie Scolaro Moser Corinne E. Frantz Overview 49 Brain Impairment and Alcohol Abuse 50 Brain Impairment and Illicit Drug Abuse 62 Summary 75 Chapter 4. Effects of Alcohol Abuse on the Brain 85 Fulton T. Crews Overview 85 Ethanol Effects on Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels 86 Ethanol Effects on GABA /Benzodiazepine Receptors 94 A Changes in NMDA and GABA Receptors During A Chronic Alcohol Abuse and Withdrawal 98 Brain Damage in Alcoholics 104 Summary 116 Chapter 5. Neuroanatomical and Neurobehavioral Effects of Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure 139 Tara S. Wass Sarah N. Mattson Edward P. Riley Overview 139 Autopsy Studies 141 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies 143 Other Studies 150 Neurobehavioral Effects 152 Summary and Discussion 161 Chapter 6. Health Consequences of Marijuana Use 171 Alan J. Budney Brent A. Moore Ryan Vandrey Respiratory System 173 Immune System 176 Cardiovascular System 177 Reproductive Function 178 Psychological Consequences 180 Cognitive Effects 184 Medical Marijuana 196 Conclusions 200
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