Handbook of superconducting materials. Volume 2, Processing and cryogenics

625 Pages·2018·81.843 MB·English

by  David A. Cardwell (editor), David C. Larbalestier (editor)

Handbook of Superconductivity

Handbook of Superconductivity
Processing and Cryogenics, Volume Two
Second Edition
Edited by
David A. Cardwell
David C. Larbalestier
Aleksander I. Braginski
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ISBN: 978-1-4398-1734-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-3676-8908-7 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-4291-8302-7 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9780429183027
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Contents
Foreword ................................................................................................................................................. ix
Preface..................................................................................................................................................... xi
Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................................................xiii
Editors-in-Chief .....................................................................................................................................xv
Contributors ........................................................................................................................................xvii
PART E Processing
E1 Introduction to Processing Methods .......................................................................................3
Kazumasa Iida
E2 Introduction to Section E2: Bulk Materials ............................................................................7
Kazumasa Iida
E2.1 Introduction to Bulk Firing Techniques .................................................................................8
Mark O. Rikel and Frank N. Werfel
E2.2 (RE)BCO Melt Processing Techniques: Fundamentals of the Melt Process ........................28
Yunhua Shi and David A. Cardwell
E2.3 Melt Processing Techniques: Melt Processing for BSCCO ...................................................52
Jun-ichi Shimoyama
E2.4 Growth of Superconducting Single Crystals .........................................................................58
Debra L. Kaiser and Lynn F. Schneemeyer
E2.5 Growth of A15 Type Single Crystals and Polycrystals and Their Physical Properties ........86
René Flükiger
E2.6 Irradiation ..............................................................................................................................97
Harald W. Weber
E2.7 Superconductors in Future Accelerators: Irradiation Problems ..........................................114
René Flükiger, Tiziana Spina, Francesco Cerutti, Amalia Ballarino, and Luca Bottura
E3 Introduction to Section E3: Processing of Wires and Tapes ..............................................123
Jianyi Jiang
E3.1 Processing of High T Conductors: The Compound Bi-2212 ..............................................125
c
Jianyi Jiang and Eric E. Hellstrom
E3.2 Processing of High T Conductors: The Compound Bi,Pb(2223) .......................................144
c
Kenichi Sato
v
vi Contents
E3.3 Highlights on Tl(1223) ......................................................................................................... 153
Athena Safa Sefat
E3.4 Processing of High T Conductors: The Compound YBCO ............................................... 162
c
Judith L. MacManus-Driscoll
E3.5 Processing of High T Conductors: The Compound Hg(1223) ........................................... 170
c
Ayako Yamamoto
E3.6 Overview of High Field LTS Materials (Without Nb Sn) ....................................................174
3
René Flükiger
E3.7 Processing of Low T Conductors: The Alloy Nb–Ti .......................................................... 187
c
Lance D. Cooley, Peter J. Lee, and David C. Larbalestier
E3.8 Processing of Low T Conductors: The Compound Nb Sn .................................................213
c 3
Ian Pong
E3.9 Processing of Low T Conductors: The Compound Nb Al .................................................276
c 3
Takao Takeuchi, Akihiro Kikuchi, Nobuya Banno, and Yasuo Iijima
E3.10 Processing of Low T Conductors: The Compounds PbMo S and SnMo S .....................291
c 6 8 6 8
Bernd Seeber
E3.11 Processing of Low T Conductors: The Compound MgB ..................................................308
c 2
Akiyasu Yamamoto and René Flükiger
E3.12 Processing Pnictide Superconductors .................................................................................324
Jeremy D. Weiss and Eric E. Hellstrom
E4 Introduction to Section E4: Thick and Thin Films ............................................................332
François Weiss and Michael Lorenz
E4.1 Substrates and Functional Buffer Layers .............................................................................334
Bernhard Holzapfel and Jörg Wiesmann
E4.2 Physical Vapor Thin-Film Deposition Techniques .............................................................348
Roger Wördenweber
E4.3 Chemical Deposition Processes for REBa Cu O Coated Conductors ...............................365
2 3 7
François Weiss and Carmen Jimenez
E4.4 High Temperature Superconductor Films: Processing Techniques ....................................382
Paul Seidel and Volker Tympel
E4.5 Processing and Manufacture of Josephson Junctions: Low-T ............................................403
c
Sergey K. Tolpygo, Thomas Schurig, and Johannes Kohlmann
E4.6 Processing and Manufacture of Josephson Junctions: High-T ..........................................425
c
Aleksander I. Braginski and Brian H. Moeckly
E5 Introduction to Section E5: Superconductor Contacts .......................................................447
Kazumasa Iida
E5.1 Superconductor to Normal-Metal Contacts ........................................................................448
Jack W. Ekin
E5.2 Resistive High Current Splices ............................................................................................467
Christian Scheuerlein
E5.3 Persistent Mode Joints .........................................................................................................480
Susie Speller, Timothy Davies, and Chris Grovenor
Contents vii
PART F Refrigeration Methods
F1 Introduction to Part F: Refrigeration Methods ...................................................................499
Ray Radebaugh
F1.1 Review of Refrigeration Methods ........................................................................................501
Ray Radebaugh
F1.2 Pulse Tube Cryocoolers........................................................................................................519
John M. Pfotenhauer and Xiaoqin Zhi
F1.3 Gifford–McMahon Cryocoolers ..........................................................................................535
Mingyao Xu and Ralph Longsworth
F1.4 Microcooling ........................................................................................................................547
Marcel ter Brake and Haishan Cao
F1.5 Cooling with Liquid Helium ................................................................................................562
John M. Pfotenhauer
Glossary ................................................................................................................................................573
Index ..................................................................................................................................................... 591

Foreword
It is a pleasure to introduce the second edition of the the tables are turned – a range of applications are now nudg-
Handbook of Superconductivity, now with the subtitle Theory, ing their way onto the market even though we do not really
Materials, Processing, Characterization and Applications. In understand them.
combination, the enlarged title expresses the very broad scope That, of course, overstates the matter. We know that the
of this publication. It is a mark of the ongoing vigour of the supercarriers in HTS are Cooper pairs and their symmetry in
field of superconductivity that, in the 15 years or so since the reciprocal space is predominantly d-wave. We quantitatively
first edition, tremendous progress has been made in theory, understand many properties of HTS materials such as the
materials discovery and applications. Completely new topics effect of impurities in suppressing superconductivity and the
have emerged, including topological superconductors, single- temperature dependence of the specific heat, thermal expan-
atomic-layer superconductivity and twistronics. New super- sion and superfluid density. However, this description is pri-
conductors have been predicted and demonstrated, most marily based on thermodynamics and the observed d-wave
notably the clathrate superhydride LaH , which supercon- symmetry. What we lack is a clear understanding of the mech-
10
ducts close to room temperature (though at several megabars). anism that binds the pairs in the first place and a relation-
New applied technologies, such as flux pumps, have been ship between the magnitude of this interaction and the energy
demonstrated in motors, generators and MRI. This new edi- scale of the superconductivity set by the maximum d-wave
tion is therefore timely in presenting the broad vista of our gap amplitude. The difficulty here is the strongly interacting
current knowledge in basic and applied superconductivity. electronic system and HTS cuprates, which, in this sense, are
Superconductivity is one of the most remarkable physi- just part of a much wider problem of strongly correlated tran-
cal states yet discovered. More than any other known effect, sition metal oxides that incorporate manganites, ruthenates,
superconductivity brings quantum mechanics to the scale of cuprates, vanadates and tungstates to name just a few, not to
the everyday world where a single, coherent quantum state mention hybrid materials, such as the ruthenocuprates, in
may extend over a distance of metres – or even kilometres – which magnetism and superconductivity coexist.
depending on the size of a coil or length of superconducting Such materials not only formally defy a suitable pertur-
wire. And perhaps less well known, the underlying physics bation treatment, but they exhibit many different types of
extends in scale to the very size of the universe, for the Higgs ground-state correlation that compete with each other. Thus,
mechanism, by which all matter particles acquire their mass, in the HTS cuprates, we currently struggle with the issues
has the same symmetry-breaking origins as superconductivity. of charge ordering, spin ordering, nematicity and supercon-
There is something in this mysterious state that never fails ductivity and the question as to whether these are intimately
to enchant its beholders: researcher, student or lay-person linked or, in fact, compete. What if we could methodically
alike. The allure is to be found not only in the demonstrations remove each of these competing states one by one? Would
of infinite conductivity and levitation, not only in the ongo- superconductivity remain at all as the ground state? Would
ing intellectual puzzle of its root physics, but also in the bold it fade away along with its supporters? Or might it even be
technologies that superconductivity enables. enhanced? What is the importance of fluctuations or of short-
The puzzle of superconductivity resisted explanation for a range versus long-range correlations? A current challenge to
very long time. The eventual breakthrough with the Bardeen– the community is to develop the tools to do precisely these
Cooper–Schrieffer theory, 46 years after their discovery, kinds of elucidating experiments.
actually preceded, by about a decade, any significant practi- The central approach then to these issues is systematic
cal and commercial development of these remarkable mate- measurement in high-quality materials. With the combined
rials. Today, half a century later still, the progress of science improvement in quality of single crystals as well as resolution
and technology is greatly accelerated. And yet a theory of the in low-energy experimental techniques, much progress has
cuprate high temperature superconductors (HTS), discov- been made in the last several decades leading to many surpris-
ered 33 years ago, still remains elusive. For these materials ing new results. By “systematic” I mean variation in properties
ix