Handbook of Stem Cells, Two-Volume Set: Volume 1-Embryonic Stem Cells; Volume 2-Adult & Fetal Stem Cells

1633 Pages·2004·128.35 MB·English

by  Robert Lanza

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Contributors
Numbers in parentheses indicate the chapter to which the author contributed.
Russell C. Addis (43) Daniel Becker, MD (69)
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical
Cellular Engineering, Baltimore, MD Center, Nashville, TN
Bruce Alberts, PhD (Foreword) Nissim Benvenisty, MD, PhD (53, 66)
President, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC Professor of Genetics, Department of Genetics, Institute of
Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Michal Amit, PhD (40) Jerusalem, Israel
Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Mickie Bhatia, PhD (38, 50)
Director and Scientist, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative
Peter W. Andrews (9, 56) Medicine, Robarts Research Institute, The Krembil Centre
Arthur Jackson Professor of Biomedical Science, for Stem Cell Biology, Associate Professor, Faculty of
Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario,
Sheffield, Western Bank, United Kingdom Canada
Hitomi Aoki (20) C. Clare Blackburn, PhD (37)
Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration Leukaemia Research Fund Senior Fellow, Institute for Stem
and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United
School of Medicine, Japan Kingdom
Makoto Asashima, PhD (46) Michele Boiani, PhD (64)
Dean and Professor, Department of Life Sciences, Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania
University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan (New Bolton Center), Kennett Square, PA
Joyce Axelman (43) Susan Bonner-Weir, PhD (71)
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Associate Professor/Senior Investigator, Diabetes Center,
Cellular Engineering, Baltimore, MD Harvard University, Boston, MA
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Contributors
Josephine Bowles, PhD (33) Jérôme Collignon, PhD (11)
Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Department of Developmental Biology, Institut Jacques
Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia Monod, Paris, France
Richard L. Boyd, PhD (67) Paul Collodi, PhD (47)
Associate Professor, Department of Pathology and Professor, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue
Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, University, West Lafayette, IN
Australia
Chad Cowan, PhD (Foreward)
Marianne Bronner-Fraser, PhD (19) Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard
California Institute of Technology, Division of Biology, University, Cambridge, MA
Beckman Institute, Pasadena, CA
George Q. Daley, MD, PhD (25)
Eric W. Brunskill, PhD (58) Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital,
Professor, Division of Cardiology, University of Cincinnati Boston, MA
College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
Christian Dani, PhD (31)
Scott Bultman, PhD (6) Director of Research INSERM, Centre de Biochimie CNRS
Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, UMR6543, Institute of Signaling, Developmental Biology
Chapel Hill, NC and Cancer, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice,
France
Frederick Charles Campbell, MD (35)
Professor, Department of Surgery, Cancer Centre, Queen's Joshua D. Dowell, MD, PhD (70)
University of Belfast, Belfast, Antrim, Northern Ireland Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of
Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
Anne Camus, PhD (11)
Department of Developmental Biology, Institut Jacques Jonathan S. Draper, PhD (56)
Monod, Paris, France Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield,
Sheffield, United Kingdom
Melissa K. Carpenter, PhD (38, 52)
Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Robarts Gregory R. Dressler, PhD (32)
Research Institute, Associate Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, University of
University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Fatima Cavaleri (3) Micha Drukker (66)
Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life
Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Münster, Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
Germany
Gabriela Durcova-Hills, PhD (42)
Constance Cepko, PhD (22) Professor, The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon
Professor, Department of Genetics, Investigator, Howard Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
MA
Robert G. Edwards (1)
Yijing Chen, PhD (60) Chief Editor, Reproductive BioMedicine Online, Duck End
Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Farm, Dry Drayton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Chapel Hill, NC
Rebecca S. Eisenberg, JD (79)
Susana M. Chuva de Sousa Lopes, PhD (12) Robert and Barbara Luciano Professor of Law, University of
Professor, Hubrecht Laboratory, University of Utrecht, Michigan Law School, Ann Arbor, MI
Utrecht, The Netherlands
Ravindhra Elluru (36)
Gregory O. Clark, MD (43) Divisions of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology,
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center,
Cellular Engineering, Baltimore, MD Cincinnati, OH
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Contributors
Sir Martin Evans, PhD (39) Sharon Gerecht-Nir, PhD (30)
Director and Professor, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel
Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
Lianchun Fan, PhD (47) Jason W. Gill, PhD (67)
Research Associate, Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue Department of Pathology and Immunology, Monash
University, West Lafayette, IN University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Margaret A. Farley, PhD (76) Rodolfo Gonzalez, MS (68)
Gilbert Stark Professor of Christian Ethics, Divinity School Joint Program in Molecular Pathology, The Burnham
and Department of Religious Studies, Yale University, Institute and the University of California, San Diego, La
New Haven, CT Jolla, CA
Donna M. Fekete, PhD (22) Daniel H.D. Gray, PhD (67)
Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Monash
Boston, MA University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Loren J. Field, PhD (70) Ronald M. Green, PhD (75)
Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana Director, Ethics Institute, Eunice and Julian Cohen Professor
University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN for the Study of Ethics and Human Values, Chair,
Department of Religion, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH
Donald W. Fink Jr., PhD (77)
Biologist, Division of Cell and Gene Therapy, Center for Michal Gropp, PhD (55)
Biologics Evaluation and Research/US Food and Drug The Hadassah Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The
Administration, Rockville, MD Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Hadassah
University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
Lesley M. Forrester, PhD (34)
John Hughes Bennett Laboratories, Department of Alexandra Haagensen (71)
Oncology, University of Edinburgh, Western General Section on Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology, Joslin
Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
Margaret T. Fuller, PhD (14) F. Kent Hamra, PhD (15)
Professor, Departments of Developmental Biology and Department of Pharmacology and The Cecil H. and Ida
Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, The
Stanford, CA University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas,
Dallas, TX
Miho Furue, DDS, PhD (46)
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Richard P. Harvey, PhD (28)
Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan Sir Peter Finley Professor of Cardiac Research, Head,
Developmental Biology Program, Victor Chang Cardiac
David L. Garbers, PhD (15) Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
Director of The Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for
Reproductive Biology Sciences, Investigator, Howard Susan M. Hawes, PhD (48)
Hughes Medical Institute, Professor of Pharmacology, The Research Fellow, Institute for Reproduction and
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Development, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria,
Dallas, TX Australia
Richard L. Gardner (2) Shin-Ichi Hayashi, MD, PhD (27)
E P Abraham Research Professor of the Royal Society in the Professor, Division of Immunology, Department of
University of Oxford, Departement of Zoology, University of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science,
Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
John D. Gearhart, PhD (43) Anne L. Hazlehurst (78)
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University,
Cellular Engineering, Baltimore, MD Providence, RI
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Contributors
Hiroaki Hemmi, PhD (27) Pritinder Kaur, PhD (72)
Ralph Steinman Laboratory, Cellular Physiology and Head, Epithelial Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Stem Cell
Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia
Hiroshi Hisatsune (29)
Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Robert G. Kelly (28)
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia
University, New York, NY
James Huettner, PhD (69)
Center for the Study of Nervous System Injury and the Kathleen C. Kent (43)
Restorative Treatment and Research Program, Department of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for
Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School Cellular Engineering, Baltimore, MD
of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
Candace L. Kerr, PhD (43)
Bradley Huntsman, BS (58)
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for
Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s
Cellular Engineering, Baltimore, MD
Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, OH
Ali Khademhosseini, MASc (73)
Division of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
Catherine Iéhlé, PhD (31)
of Technology, Cambridge, MA
Senior Scientist, Unité de Virologie, Institut Pasteur de
Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
Hanita Khaner, PhD (49)
Research Associate, The Hadassah Embryonic Stem Cell
Jamie Imitola, MD (68)
Research Center, Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy,
Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital,
Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
Boston, MA
Joseph Itskovitz-Eldor, MD, DSc (30, 40) Chris Kintner, PhD (18)
Professor and Director, Department of Obstetrics and Professor, Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk
Gynecology, Rambam Medical Center and Bruce Rappaport Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of
Technology, Haifa, Israel Irina Klimanskaya, PhD (41)
Senior Scientist, Advanced Cell Technology, Worcester, MA
Rudolf Jaenisch, MD (10)
Professor of Biology, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Nobuyuki Kondoh (29)
Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Satomi Nishikawa, Riken Center for Developmental
Technology, Cambridge, MA Biology, Kobe, Japan
Penny A. Johnson, PhD (9) Peter Koopman, PhD (33)
Senior Research Scientist, Intercytex Ltd., Manchester, Professor of Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular
United Kingdom Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane,
Queensland, Australia
D. Leanne Jones, PhD (14)
Department of Developmental Biology,
Naoko Koyano-Nakagawa, PhD (18)
Stanford University School of Medicine,
Assistant Professor, Department of Neuroscience, University
Stanford, CA
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
Elizabeth A. Jones, MA, MB, BChir, MRCP, PhD (34)
Jennifer N. Kraszewski (43)
Institute of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for
Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Cellular Engineering, Baltimore, MD
Gerard Karsenty, MD, PhD (26)
Professor of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College Robb Krumlauf, PhD (19)
of Medicine, Houston, TX Scientific Director, Stowers Institute for Medical Research,
Kansas City, MO
Gil Katz, PhD (66)
The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Tilo Kunath, PhD (17, 45)
Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh,
Jerusalem, Israel Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Contributors
Takahiro Kunisada, PhD (20) Klaus I. Matthaei, PhD (59)
Professor, Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Senior Fellow and Head, Gene Targeting Laboratory, The
Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian
University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Robert Langer, ScD (73) Yoav Mayshar, (53)
Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Departmentof Genetics, The Silberman Institute for Life
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
Robert Lanza, MD (Preface) John W. McDonald, MD, PhD (69)
Vice President, Medical and Scientific Development, Associate Professor of Neurology, Neurological Surgery and
Advanced Cell Technology, Adjunct Professor of Surgical Anatomy and Neurobiology, Director of the Spinal Cord
Sciences, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Injury Program, Restorative Treatment and Research Center,
University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
Jean Pyo Lee, PhD (68)
Dame Anne McLaren, PhD (16, 42)
Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical
Professor, The Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon
Center, Boston, MA
Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,
Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
Shulamit Levenberg, PhD (73)
Research Associate, Langer Laboratory, Department of
Jill McMahon, MSc (41)
Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Harvard
Technology, Cambridge, MA
University, Cambridge, MA
S. Robert Levine, MD (80)
Alexander Meissner, Dipl Ing (10)
Board of Chancellors, Juvenile Diabetes Research
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts
Foundation International, New York, NY
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
Haifan Lin, PhD (13)
Harald von Melchner, MD, PhD (61)
Associate Professor, Department of Cell Biology, Duke
Professor of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics,
University Medical School, Durham, NC
Department of Molecular Hematology, University of
Frankfurt Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
John W. Littlefield, MD (43)
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for
Douglas A. Melton, PhD (Foreword)
Cellular Engineering, Baltimore, MD
Thomas Dudley Cabot Professor in the Natural Sciences,
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard
Michael J. Lysaght, PhD (78)
University, Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute,
Professor and Director, Center for Biomedical Engineering,
Cambridge, MA
Brown University, Providence, RI
Fiona A. Mack (7) Nathan Montgomery (6)
Cell Growth and Cancer Graduate Group, University of Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina,
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Chapel Hill, NC
Terry Magnuson, PhD (6, 60) Mary Tyler Moore (80)
Professor, Department of Genetics, University of North International Chairman, Juvenile Diabetes Research
Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC Foundation, New York, NY
Anna Malashicheva, PhD (5) Tsutomu Motohashi, PhD (20)
Laboratory of Molecular Basis of Cell Differentiation, Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration
Institute of Cytology, St. Petersburg, Russia and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate
School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
Ofer Mandelboim (66)
The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Franz-Josef Mueller, MD (68)
Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Program in Developmental and Regenerative Cell Biology,
Jerusalem, Israel The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA
Nancy R. Manley, PhD (37) Christine Mummery, PhD (12)
Associate Professor, Department of Genetics, University of Professor, Hubrecht Laboratory, University of Utrecht,
Georgia, Athens, GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Contributors
Satomi Nishikawa (29) Martin F. Pera, BA, PhD (48, 51)
Riken Center for Developmental Biology Kobe, Japan Associate Professor, Monash Institute of Reproduction and
Development, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria,
Shin-Ichi Nishikawa, MD, PhD (29) Australia
Group Director, Stem Cell Research Group, Riken Center
for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan Aitana Perea-Gomez, PhD (11)
Department of Developmental Biology, Institut Jacques
Andras Nagy, PhD (57)
Monod, Paris, France
Senior Scientist, Mount Sinai Hospital, Samuel Lunenfeld
Research Institute, Professor, Department of Medical
Anthony C.F. Perry, PhD (62)
Genetics and Microbiology, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Head of Laboratory, Laboratory of Mammalian Molecular
Ontario, Canada
Embryology, Riken Center for Developmental Biology,
Hitoshi Niwa, MD, PhD (4) Kobe, Japan
Laboratory for Pluripotent Cell Studies, Riken Center for
Developmental Biology (CDB), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan James N. Petitte, PhD (44)
Professor, Department of Poultry Science, College of
Hiromi Okuyama (21) Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State
Center for Cells and Gene Theraphy, Takara Bio Inc., Ostu, University, Raleigh, NC
Shiga, Japan
Blaine W. Phillips, PhD (31)
Jitka Ourednik, PhD (68) Research Scientist, ES Cell International, Singapore
Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences,
Iowa State University, Ames, IA S. Steven Potter, PhD (58)
Professor, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati
Vaclav Ourednik, PhD (68)
Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of
Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Sciences,
Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
Iowa State University, Ames, IA
Arti K. Rai (79)
Masahito Oyamada, MD, PhD (8)
Professor of Law, Duke Law School, Duke University,
Associate Professor, Department of Pathology and Cell
Durham, NC
Regulation, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,
Kyoto, Japan
Christopher Reeve (81)
Chairman, Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation,
Yumiko Oyamada, MD, PhD (8)
Springfield, NJ
Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Kyoto
Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
Benjamin Reubinoff, MD, PhD (49, 55)
Virginia E. Papaioannou, PhD (24) Associate Professor in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Director,
Professor of Genetics and Development, Department of The Hadassah Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, The
Genetics and Development, College of Physicians and Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene Therapy, Department of
Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah University Hospital,
Jerusalem, Israel
Kook I. Park, MD (68)
Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Janet Rossant, PhD (17, 45, Foreword)
Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Senior Investigator, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute,
Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Ethan S. Patterson (43)
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Michael Rubart, MD (70)
Cellular Engineering, Baltimore, MD Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of
Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
Larry T. Patterson, MD (58)
Professor, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Pierre Savatier, PhD (5)
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Director of Research, U371 “Cerveau et Vision”, Institut
Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Bron, France
Alice Pébay, PhD (51) Hans Schöler (3, 64)
Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Department
Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia of Cell and Developmental Biology, Münster, Germany
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Contributors
Cordula Schulz, PhD (14) James A. Thomson, VMD, PhD, Dipl. ACVP (54)
Research Investigator, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold John D. MacArthur Professor, Department of Anatomy,
Spring Harbor, NY University of Wisconsin–Madison Medical School, The
Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI
Nikolaus Schultz, PhD (15)
The Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive David Tosh, PhD (34)
Biology Sciences, The University of Texas Southwestern Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United
Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, Freie Universität Kingdom
Berlin, Institut für Biochemie, Thielallee 63, Berlin,
Germany Paul Trainor, PhD (19)
Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO
Michael J. Shamblott, PhD (43)
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Alan O. Trounson, PhD (67)
Cellular Engineering, Baltimore, MD Professor of Stem Cell Sciences, Monash Immunology and
Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton,
Victoria, Australia
Richard L. Sidman, MD (68)
Bullard Professor of Neuropathology, Emeritus, Harvard
Motokazu Tsuneto (27)
Medical School, Boston, MA
Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular and
Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Tottori University,
M. Celeste Simon, PhD (7)
Tottori, Japan
Associate Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute,
Associate Professor, Abramson Family Cancer Research
Mark Tummers, MSc (23)
Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental
Developmental Biology Programme, Institute of
Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine,
Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland
Philadelphia, PA
Edward Upjohn, MD (72)
Evan Y. Snyder, MD, PhD (68)
Department of Dermatology, Royal Children’s Hospital,
Professor and Director, Program in Developmental and
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Regenerative Cell Biology, The Burnham Institute, La
Jolla, CA
George Varigos, MB, BS, PhD, FACD (72)
Department of Dermatology, Royal Melbourne and
A. Francis Stewart, PhD (61)
Childrens’Hospitals, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Professor, Department of Genomics, BioInnovationZentrum,
Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
Cécile Vernochet, PhD (31)
Centre de Biochimie CNRS UMR6543, Institute of
Lorenz Studer, MD (21, 62)
Signaling, Developmental Biology and Cancer, University of
Developmental Biology and Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan
Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
Jay L. Vivian, PhD (60)
Azim Surani, PhD (65) Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina,
Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Chapel Hill, NC
University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Zhongde Wang, PhD (10)
Tetsuro Takamatsu, MD, PhD (8) Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts
Professor, Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
Gordon C. Weir, MD (71)
Yang D. Teng, MD, PhD (68) Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Head,
Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Section on Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology, Diabetes
Medical School/Children’s Hospital, Boston/Brigham and Research and Wellness Foundation, Chair, Joslin Diabetes
Women’s Hospital, Boston, and SCI Laboratory, VA Boston Center, Boston, MA
Healthcare System, Boston, MA
Susan E. Wert (36)
Irma Thesleff, DDS (23) Divisions of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology,
Professor, Research Director, Institute of Biotechnology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati,
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland OH
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Contributors
Jeffrey A. Whitsett, MD (36) Yukiko M. Yamashita, PhD (14)
Professor of Pediatrics, Chief, Section of Neonatology, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University
Pulmonary, and Perinatal Biology, Cincinnati Children's School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of
Medicine, Cincinnati, OH Hidetoshi Yamazaki, DDS, PhD (27)
Associate Professor, Division of Regenerative Medicine and
Therapeutics, Department of Genetic Medicine and
J. David Wininger, PhD (63)
Regenerative Therapeutics, Institute of Regenerative
Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Program for
Medicine and Biofunction, Tottori University Graduate
Assisted Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and
School of Medical Science, Division of Immunology,
Gynecology, Winston-Salem, NC
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of
Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University,
Zhuoru Wu, PhD (15)
Tottori, Japan
Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX Laurie Zoloth, PhD (74)
Professor of Medical Humanities and of Religion, Medical
Chunhui Xu, PhD (52) Humanities and Bioethics, Feinberg School of Medicine,
Senior Scientist, Geron Corporation, Menlo Park, CA Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
Toshiyuki Yamane, PhD (20, 27) Thomas P. Zwaka, MD (54)
Irving Weissman Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The Wisconsin National Primate Research Center,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA Madison, WI
Jun Yamashita (29) Robert Zweigerdt, PhD (70)
Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Department of Medicine, Heinrich Heine University,
Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Duesseldorf, Germany
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Preface
New discoveries in the field of stem cells increasingly dominate early development, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, methods
the news and scientific literature. Wave upon wave of papers (such as detailed descriptions of how to derive and maintain
has led to an avalanche of new knowledge and research tools animal and human embryonic stem cells), application of stem
that may soon lead to new therapies for cancer, heart disease, cells to specific human diseases, regulation and ethics, and
diabetes, and a wide variety of other diseases that afflict patient perspectives from Mary Tyler Moore (diabetes) and
humanity. The Handbook of Stem Cellsintegrates this exciting Christopher Reeve (spinal cord injury). The result is a com-
area of biology, combining in two volumes the prerequisites prehensive two-volume reference that will be useful for stu-
for a general understanding of adult and embryonic stem cells; dents and experts alike. It represents the combined effort of
the tools, methods, and experimental protocols needed to study 12 editors and more than 300 scholars and scientists whose
and characterize stem cells and progenitor populations; as well as pioneering work has defined our understanding of stem cells.
a presentation by the world’s experts of what is currently known
about each specific organ system. No topic in the field of stem Robert Lanza, MD
cells is left uncovered, including basic biology/mechanisms, Boston, Massachusetts
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Foreword
What can usefully be said about stem cells in a foreword to a through the efforts of a large number of independent scientists
collection of definitive articles by the world’s experts, inasmuch and engineers. Each piece of knowledge, often seemingly
as this volume already covers every conceivable aspect of the useless on its own, was combined in unexpected ways with
subject? In response to this question, I shall attempt to place the other knowledge to produce a final result whose power seems
work described here in the broader context of science—and of almost magical.
modern cell and developmental biology specifically. The great enterprise of science, sparked simply by human
My view of the science in this book comes from the per- curiosity about how the world works—for example, an
spective of someone who spent 30 years in universities prob- attempt to account for the motions of the planets in the
ing the molecular details of basic cell processes. Over this night sky—has transformed our world. And because new
time, our understanding of cells increased at a rate that star- knowledge builds on old knowledge, the pace continually
tled even those most closely involved in the wave upon wave accelerates as the amount of old knowledge increases. Thus,
of new discoveries. This increase in knowledge was catalytic: we should expect the inventions that benefit humans in this
As our understanding of cells advanced, it allowed new new century to be even more dramatic than those of the last
research tools to be developed that directly sped further century. But we can be equally sure of the futility of attempting
advances in understanding, which in turn led to new tools, and to predict what they will be in advance.
so on. Consider, for example, the DNA chip technology What does all this have to do with stem cells? Personally,
described in Chapter 58 of Volume one and Chapter three of I become uncomfortable whenever I hear claims that describe
Volume two, which allows an investigator to examine the the precise benefits to be derived from this research—especially
expression of tens of thousands of genes simultaneously. when they are associated with a timeline. Nevertheless, the
Because hundreds of small steps were needed to move from the history of science makes it certain that the knowledge derived
striking initial discovery of DNA hybridization in 19611to this from research on stem cells will eventually lead to enormous
new technology, its development was unpredictable in advance. benefits for human health, even if they are unpredictable.
It is the same for the advance of science itself, as empha- Eventually, we will be able to use our profound understanding
sized repeatedly in the “Beyond Discovery” series of brief of biology to grow new organs that can be safely transplanted
articles from the National Academy of Sciences.2Designed to into human patients, and the work with stem cells will no
explain science to the general public, each of these eight-page doubt make important contributions to this breakthrough.
documents traces the path leading to a breakthrough of great But the research outlined in this volume is equally certain to
human benefit—such as the global positioning system (GPS) contribute to cures for cancer and for a large number of other
or the cure for childhood leukemia. In every case, the final less famous diseases—many of mysterious origin—that are
discovery depended on knowledge developed over decades terrible afflictions for humanity.
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