Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques. Vol. 2

1399 Pages·2008·12.8 MB·English

H S
ANDBOOK OF TABLE
I A
SOTOPE NALYTICAL
T
ECHNIQUES
This page intentionally left blank
H S
ANDBOOK OF TABLE
I A
SOTOPE NALYTICAL
T
ECHNIQUES
VOLUME 2
PIER A. DE GROOT
Editor
Delta Isotopes Consultancy, Pastoor Moorkensstraat 16,
2400 Mol-Achterbos, Belgium (present address)
• • • • •
Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London NewYork Oxford
• • • • •
Paris SanDiego SanFrancisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo
Elsevier
Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,TheNetherlands
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK
Firstedition2009
Copyright(cid:2)2009ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemor
transmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,
recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher
PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights
DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone[phone];fax[phone];
email:[e-mail]tyourrequestonlineby
visitingtheElsevierwebsiteathttp://elsevier.com/locate/permissions,andselecting
ObtainingpermissiontouseElseviermaterial
Notice
Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersons
orpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuse
oroperationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerial
herein.Becauseofrapidadvancesinthemedicalsciences,inparticular,independent
verificationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
ForinformationonallElsevierpublications
visitourwebsiteatbooks.elsevier.com
PrintedandboundintheHungary
08091010987654321
ISBN:978-0-444-51115-7
Working together to grow
libraries in developing countries
www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org
C
ONTENTS
VOLUMEII(author:PierA.deGroot1)
DescriptionsandDiagramsofStableIsotopeAnalytical
Techniques–AnEncyclopedicOverview ix
PART 3
1 Hydrogen 1
1-0 Introduction 1
1-1 Water-SamplingTechniques 2
1-2 WatersfromDifferentSources–AnalyticalMethods 25
1-3 OrganicCompounds 166
1-4 HydrogenAbsorbedinMetal 213
1-5 LabeledWaterMethods 214
2 Lithium 225
3 Boron 227
4 Carbon 229
4-1 OrganicMaterials 229
4-2 GasCompounds 270
4-3 CompoundsfromWater 271
4-4 CompoundsinRockandMinerals 272
4-5 Carbon(13C/12C)andOxygen(18O/16O)IsotopesinCarbonate
RockandMinerals 273
4-6 GraphiteandDiamond 323
4-7 Cyanides 327
4-8 SiC(Moissanite)andTiC 328
5 Nitrogen 331
5-1 Nitrate,Nitrite,AmmoniumandCyanide 331
5-2 OrganicMaterials 342
5-3 GaseousCompounds 404
1Guestco-authorshipofasectioninChapter4-5:H.LeQ.Stuart-Williams&PierA.deGroot;Guestauthorship
ofSection12-0.2.4.1byFrankJ.Stadermann.GuestauthorshipofSection12-0.2.5.1byIsaacB.Brenner.Guest
co-authorshipinasectioninChapter17byMayer,Krouse&DeGroot.
vi Contents
6 Oxygen 405
6-1 SilicateMinerals,OxidesandRockSamples 405
6-2 WatersFromDifferentSources 453
6-3 OrganicMaterials 516
6-4 Sulfates 570
6-5 Phosphates 580
6-6 CarbonateRockandMinerals 581
6-7 Nitrates 582
6-8 MetalOxides 587
6-9 17O–AReviewonD17ODeterminationMethods 589
S.S.Assonov&PierA.deGroot
7 Silicium 619
8 Sulfur 621
8-0 Introduction 621
8-1 Sulfides 625
8-2 ElementalSulfur 667
8-3 Sulfates 671
8-4 ComplexOrganicMaterialsandOrganicCompounds 695
8-5 SulfurinMetals 712
8-6 D33SandD36S:MassIndependentFractionation 717
9 Chlorine 721
10 Selenium 723
11 Bromine 741
12 Mg,K, Ca, Ti, V,Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge 743
12-0 Introduction 743
12-1 Magnesium(Mg) 764
12-2 Potassium(K) 774
12-3 Calcium(Ca) 780
12-4 Titanium(Ti) 814
12-5 Vanadium(V) 819
12-6 Chromium(Cr) 820
12-7 Iron(Fe) 826
12-8 Nickel(Ni) 845
12-9 Copper(Cu) 849
12-10 Zinc(Zn) 859
12-11 Gallium(Ga) 875
12-12 Germanium(Ge) 877
Contents vii
13 Whole Rock,Soil and Sediment Analytical Techniques and
Stepped Heating Methods 881
13-1 WholeRockAnalyticalTechniques 881
13-2 SoilandSedimentAnalyticalTechniques 905
13-3 SteppedHeatingMethods 928
14 Fluids and Gases from Inclusions orDissolved in Rocksor
Glasses (H, C,N,O Isotopes) 929
15 Compounds in Water Reservoirs 935
16 Atmospheric – Tropospheric – Stratospheric Compounds 957
17 Non-Atmospheric Natural Gases 989
18 Absolute Stable IsotopeMeasurement 1003
19 MassSpectrometer Correctionand Calibration Procedures 1007
20 Isotope SeparationMethods 1025
AppendixA Listof Stable Isotopes and their Relative Abundance
inNature 1033
AppendixB ChemicalsCommonly used for Stable Isotope
Analytical Preparations 1035
AppendixC Vacuum Technologyand Related Matters 1043
AppendixD List ofTheses Including Stable IsotopeStudies 1087
AppendixE Handbookson Stable Isotope Matters 1105
Corrections and Additions toVolume I 1113
References 1123
SubjectIndex 1323
This page intentionally left blank
DESCRIPTIONS AND DIAGRAMS OF STABLE
–
ISOTOPE ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES AN
ENCYCLOPEDIC OVERVIEW
Pier A. de Groot
Delta IsotopesConsultancy, Pastoor Moorkensstraat 16, 2400 Mol, Belgium
e-mail:[email protected]
with:H.LeQ.Stuart-Williams&P.A.deGrootcontributingwithsection:
‘‘Discussiononpropertiesofthephosphoricacidanditsreactionwithcarbonates’’–partofChapter4-5.1.5
withS.Assonov&P.A.deGroot,authorsofChapter6-9:
‘‘AreviewonD17Odeterminationmethods’’
with:F.J.Stadermanncontributingwithsection:
‘‘NanoSIMS–Abriefdescription’’–Chapter12-0.2.4.1
with:I.B.Brennercontributingwithsection:
‘‘Inductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry(ICP-MS),Collisioncells’’–Chapter12-0.2.5.1
withB.Mayer&H.R.Krousecontributingtosection:
‘‘SamplingofH Sfromnaturalgas’’–partofChapter17
2
INTRODUCTION
Thehonorforthecreationofthistwo-volumebookseriesonstableisotopeanalytical
techniquesmustbegiventoJamesO’Neill.Attheverystartofthisproject,Ididnotrealize
that he, together with Zachary Sharp, had begun writing a book on a very similar subject.
Originally,JamesO’NeillandZacharySharpwereamongthefirstauthorsIinvitedtowritea
chapterformybookseries.ItwasinthiswaythatIdiscoveredabouttheirownbookproject,
which already had been in progress for some time. It was Zachary Sharp in particular who
convincedandmotivatedme,supportedbyJamesO’Neill,tocontinuemyproject,afterhe
recognized that the books I had in mind had a different approach and aimed at a far larger
range of elements (isotopes) than their own. The prospective publication by James O’Neil
and Zachary Sharp will have the form of a textbook and is concentrated more on a purely
geochemicalfield.Iamgratefulfortheir‘open-mindedattitude’.
At the start, the aim of these books was to concentrate on stable isotope analytical
methodsofpurelygeochemicalinterest,butverysoonitbecameclearthatitwasnoteasyto
drawalinebetweenpurelygeochemicalmethodswithgeologicalapplicationsandmethods
used inother fields of science. Considering the interestisotope chemists workingin other
ix