Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science: Tennis

330 Pages·2002·23.15 MB·English

Handbook of
Sports Medicine
and Science
Tennis
IOC Medical Commission
Sub-Commission on Publications in
the Sport Sciences
Howard G. Knuttgen PhD (Co-ordinator)
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Francesco Conconi MD
Ferrara, Italy
Harm Kuipers MD, PhD
Maastricht, The Netherlands
Per A.F.H. Renstrom MD, PhD
Stockholm, Sweden
Handbook of
Sports Medicine
and Science
Tennis
EDITED BY
Per A.F.H. Renstrom
MD, PM
Section of Sports Medicine
Department of Surgical Sciences
Karolinska Institutet
Stockholm
Sweden
Bl ack weI I
Science
0 2002 by Blackwell Science Ltd
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First published 2002
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Tennis: handbook of sports medicine and science / edited by Per A.F.H. Renstrom.
p. ; cm - [Handbook of sports medicine and science)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-fi32-05034-9
1. Tennis injuries-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Tennis-Physiological
aspects-Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Renstrom, Per. 11. Series.
(DNLM: 1. Tennis. 2. Athletic Injuries. 3. Sports Medicine. QT 260.5.T3 T311 20021
KC1220. T4 T46 2002
617.1'027'08879634-dc21
2001052783
ISBN 0-ti32-05034-9
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library
Set in Melior by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong
Printed and bound in Great Britain at the Alden Press Ltd, Oxford and Northampton
For further information of Blackwell Science, visit our website:
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Contents 11 Specific problems for the young tennis player, 139
W.B en Kibler
12 Pathophysiology of tennis injuries-
an overview, 147
W.B en Kibler
13 Foot problems in tennis, 155
Scott A.L ynch and Per A.F.H. Renstrom
14 Ankle problems in tennis, 165
Scott A. Lynch and PerA.F.H. Renstrom
List of contributors, vi
15 Lower leg and Achilles tendon problems
Forewords by the IOC, viii in tennis, 176
Scott A. Lynch and Per A.F.H. Renstrom
Forewords by the ITF, ATP, WTA and STMS, ix
16 Knee injuries in tennis, 186
Preface, xi
PerA.F.H. Renstrom and Scott A. Lynch
1 Biomechanics of tennis, 1
17 Spine injuries in tennis, 204
Bruce C. Elliott
Hartmut Krahl, Carsten B. Radas, Hans-Gerd
2 The tennis racket, 29 Pieper and Ulf Michaelis
Howard Brody
18 Hand and wrist injuries in tennis, 223
3 Shoes and surfaces in tennis: injury and Arthur C. Rettig
performance aspects, 39
Karin G.M. Gerritsen, Benno M.N igg and 19 Elbow injuries in tennis, 233
Ian C. Wright Per A.F.H. Renstrom
4 The physiological demands of tennis, 46 20 Shoulder injuries in tennis, 248
Michael F. Bergeron and Joseph Keul David W.A ltchek
5 Nutrition in tennis, 54 21 Rehabilitation principles of injuries in tennis, 262
Michael F. Bergeron W.B en Kibler
6 Playing tennis in the heat: fluid and 22 The psychology of tennis: gaining the mental
electrolyte balance, 65 advantage, 278
Michael F. Bergeron Robert S. Weinberg
7 Medical care of tennis players, 75 23 ITF involvement in tennis medicine and
Babette Pluim
science, 291
Miguel Crespo and Machar Reid
8 Travel and jet lag, 96
Moira O’Brien
24 Medical services in men’s and women’s
9 Strength training, flexibility training and professional tennis, 296
physical conditioning, 103 Per Bastholt, Jurgen Dess, Sue Fleshman, Bill
E. Paul Roetert and Todd S. Ellenbecker Norris, Doug Spreen, Alex Stober, Kathleen A.
Stroia, Paul Settles and Gary Windler
10 Pre-participation profiling for tennis, 124
E. Paul Roetert and Todd S. Ellenbecker Index, 303
V
List of contributors Joseph Keul MD, PhD (Deceased) Medizinische
Universitatsklinik, Rehabilitative/Praven tive
SportMedizin, Hugstetter Strasse 55,0-79106
Freiburg, Germany
w.
Ben Kibler MD, FACSM Medical Director,
Lexington Sports Medicine Center, 1221 S. Broadway,
Lexington, KY 40504, USA
Hartmut Krahl MD Professor, Wiirthstrasse 21,81667
Munich, Germany
David W. Altchek MD Hospital for Special Surgery,
535 East 70th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA Scott A. Lynch MD Sports Medicine Section,
Department of Orthopedics, Penn State University,
Per Bastholt RPT F-06140 Vence,F rance HersheyMedical Center, PO Box 850, Hershey, PA
17033-0850, USA
Michael F. Bergeron PhD, FACSM Assistant
Professor of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Ulf Michaelis MD Department of Orthopaedic
Georgia Prevention Institute, HS-1640, Augusta, Surgery and Sports Medicine, Alfried Krupp
GA 3091 2-371 0, USA Hospital, Alfried-Krupp-Strasse 21,D-45117 Essen,
Germany
Howard Brody PhD Professor, physics Department,
University of Pennsylvania, 209 S. 33rd Street, Benno M.N igg Dr sc. nat. Director, Human
Philadelphia, PA 191 04-6396, USA
Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology,
The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Miguel CreSpO PhD International Tennis Federation,
Tennis Development Department, Bank Lane,
Bill Norris ATC Boca Raton, FL 33498, USA
Roehampton, London SW15 5XZ, UK
Moira O’Brien MD Professor and Head, Anatomy
Jurgen Dess RPT 92318 Neumarkt, Germany
Department, Trinity College, University of Dublin,
Todd S. Ellenbecker Ms, PT, scs, cscs Dublin 2, Ireland
Physiotherapy Associates, Scottsdale Sports
Hans-Gerd Pieper MD Department of Orthopaedic
Clinic, 9449 N. 90th Street, Suite ZOO, Scottsdale,
Surgery and Sports Medicine, Alfried Krupp Hospital,
AZ 85258, USA
Alfried-Krupp-Strasse 21,0-45117 Essen, Germany
c.
Bruce Elliott PhD Professor and Head, The
Department of Human Movement and Exercise Babette PlUim MD, PhD Koninklijke Nederlandse
Science, The University of Western Australia, Lawn Tennis Bond, Sport Medisch Centrum Papendal,
Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia Papendallaan 60,6816 VDA rnhem, The Netherlands
Sue Fleshman PT, ATC Sport Sciences and Medicine Carsten 6. Radas MD Department of Out-patient
Department, Sanex WTA Tour, 133 First Street NE, Surgery, Orthopaedic Centre, St Josef-Stifi, Westtor 7,
St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA 0-48324 Sendenhorst, Germany
Karin G.M. Gerritsen MSC, PhD Assistant Professor Machar Reid BSc ITFAssistant Research Officer,
in Biomechanics, Department of Exercise Science and International Tennis Federation, Tennis Development
Physical Education, Arizona State University, Box Department, Bank Lane, Roehampton, London SW15
870404, Tempe, AZ 85287-0404, USA 5XZ, UK
vi
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS vii
Per A.F.H. Renstrom MD,P hD Professor, Section Alex Stober RPT 90459 Nuremberg, Germany
of Sports Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences,
Karolinska lnstitutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden Kathleen A. Stroia MS, PT, ATC Associate Vice
President, Sport Sciences and Medicine Department,
c.
Arthur Rettig MD Orthopedic Surgeon, Methodist Sanex WTA Tour, 133 First Steet NE, St Petersburg, FL
Sports Medicine Center, Thomas A. Brady Clinic, 33701, USA
Department of Education and Research, 1815 N.
s.
Capitol Avenue, Suite 560, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Robert Weinberg PhD Professor and Chair,
USA Department of Physical Education, Health and Sport
Studies, 109 Phillips Hall, Miami University, Oxford,
E. Paul Roetert PhD Director of Administration, USA OH 45056-1 675, USA
Tennis High Performance Program, 731 0 Crandon
Boulevard, Key Biscayne, FL 33149, USA Gary Windler MD Sports Medicine Services, 321
Middleton Boulevard, Summerville, SG 29485-8027,
Paul Settles Director of Player Services, ATP Tennis USA
International Headquarters, 201 ATP Tour Boulevard,
c.
Ponte Vedra Beach, FL 32082, USA Ian Wright MSc Human Peqformance Laboratory,
Faculty of Kinesiology, The University of Galgary,
Doug SpellA TC Terrace Park, OH 451 74, USA Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Forewords by the IOC Tracing its beginnings from games played some
hundreds of years ago, the sport of tennis underwent
major changes during the latter part of the 19th
century. During the 20th century, the sport spread
internationally and it is currently practised in
virtually every country of the world.
Success in tennis requires a tremendous amount of
physiological variables. These variables are further
supplemented by the needs for proper nutrition,
hydration, strategy, and being psychologically
prepared. Developments in both sports medicine and
The sport of tennis was one of the nine sports sports science during the last 50 years have resulted in
included for men participating in the Games of the I stronger, faster, better skilled tennis players who are
Olympiad as held in Athens in 1896. Men’s tennis utilizing the most efficient and effective equipment
appeared in each of the following Olympic Games that the engineers and biomechanists can design. With
until the year 1924. Women’s tennis competition in the enhanced challenges and stresses to the human
the Olympic Games was introduced in 1900 in Paris body, injury prevention and injury rehabilitation
and continued until 1924, with the exception of 1904 have become important issues for sports medicine
in St Louis. Because of controversies related to the physicians, health personnel, and coaches.
participation of amateur versus professional athletes, Our thanks go to Professor Per Renstrom and the
tennis disappeared from the Olympic programme for contributing authors for this Handbook on Tennis
over 60 years until its reintroduction in 1988 in Seoul who have collaborated to produce an up-to-date
with a completely open competition. and complete coverage for all of the biomechanical,
Despite the extended hiatus, tennis must be biological and clinical aspects of tennis play. This
recognized as having an important history within publication will prove to be an invaluable reference
the Olympic programme. It is, therefore, entirely for everyone involved with the game of tennis.
appropriate that this Handbook on the sport of
tennis takes its rightful place among the other sports Prince Alexandre de Merode
that have already appeared in the IOC Medical Chairman. IOC Medical Commission
Commission series of Handbooks of Sports Medicine
and Science.
My sincere appreciation goes to the Chairman of
the IOC Medical Commission, Prince Alexandre de
Merode, and to the IOC Medical Commission’s Sub-
commission on Publications in the Sport Sciences.
Dr Jacques Rogge
IOCPresident
viii
Forewords by the ITF, ATP, six continents in over 50 countries on a variety of
playing surfaces-from carpet to hard courts to grass
WTA and STMS and clay. Until one considers that the average match
lasts 1 112 to 2 hours and may last as long as four; that
players may have to compete as many as 5 days in a
row, sometimes with two matches a day, before get-
ting a day off. Take a look at the teeming activity that
is the training room on day one of an ATP tournament
and you will have a sense for how physically demand-
ing professional tennis can be.
Those of us on the ATP Medical Services Com-
mittee are increasingly aware of the physical demands
Foreword by the International Tennis
placed on professional tennis players and the import-
Federation
ance of providing the highest standards of medical
Tennis is a sport for all ages and requires speed, care for them on a tournament-by-tournament basis.
dexterity and endurance, especially at the professional Whether you are a player, coach, athletic trainer,
level. Tennis is also an intellectual sport that requires physiotherapist, or physician, we hope that this
court sense and strategic thinking. At the highest handbook will provide some insight into the most
level, the professional tennis player competes nearly common tennis medical problems of professional
every week of the year, requiring fitness levels that are tennis players, as well as the preferred treatment
very high and an ability to play with consistency on a protocols recommended by ATP Medical Services
variety of surfaces at locations around the world. personnel.
The International Tennis Federation (ITF) takes
pride in its leadership of the Joint Tennis Anti-Doping Paul Settles
Programme in conjunction with the ATP and the WTA Director of Player Services
Tour. The ITF’s Sports Medical Commission is pro-
active in studying all areas that pertain to the overall
Foreword by the Women’s Tennis Association
health of tennis players. These areas include physiology,
nutrition, bio-mechanics, the effect of the evolution of Tennis presents unique challenges with one-on-
equipment on players, mental preparation and other one competition, typified by its demand for total
specific issues such as jet lag, altitude, heat and humidity athleticism, and necessitating the mental and
and the effects of playing tennis at a very young age. physical strength to sustain an eleven month
The ITF, the world governing body of tennis, season that spans the globe.
welcomes the Handbook on Tennis. This book, with In order to remain in the game and at a high level of
contributions from international scientists and experts, competition, professional tennis players must utilize
will prove to be a very useful tool, a comprehensive and incorporate the latest trends in sports medicine.
guide to sports medicine as it pertains to tennis. The IOC Handbook on Tennis identifies and outlines
the steps every elite tennis player must take in order
Francesco Ricci Bitti to excel, a daunting but invaluable undertaking. A
President, ITF resource has been created that allows the tennis
community (coaches, players, physiotherapists,
physicians, certified athletic trainers, etc.) to access
Foreword by the Association of Tennis
and apply the principles of tennis medicine in
Professionals
the creation and advancement of a successful
One doesn’t immediately think of professional tennis professional tennis player.
when considering the most physically demanding On behalf of the Sanex WTA Tour and its group of
sports. Until, that is, one considers that the professional sports sciences and medicine experts, it is my honor
tennis season spans eleven months and is played on to be able to share our pleasure associated with the
ix
x FOREWORDS
publication of this book and we look forward to the newsletter with the ITF, ATP and Sanex WTA. The
positive repercussions it will have in the game of STMS also organizes courses regularly every year in
tennis; truly a sport for a lifetime. the field of medicine and science in tennis, including
management of injuries and medical problems in
Kathleen A. Stroia tennis.
Director of Sports Sciences and Medicine, WTA There is a great demand in tennis for this kind
of handbook. Because of increasing pressures and
intensity, there is a heightened risk of injury and other
Foreword by the Society for Tennis Medicine
medical problems. Therefore, the STMS feels that this
and Science
handbook is essential reading and congratulates the
The STMS was founded in 1990 to promote, educate IOC for its initiative in producing this publication.
and disseminate information about medicine and
science in tennis. The STMS has initiated a newsletter Per A.F.H. Renstrom
which is now distributed worldwide as a joint President, STMS