Handbook of Spatial Research Paradigms and Methodologies PDF
Preview Handbook of Spatial Research Paradigms and Methodologies
A Handbook of Spatial Research Paradigms and Methodologies Volume 2: Clinical and Comparative Studies edited by Nigel Foreman and Raphael Gillett Department of Psychology University of Leicester; UK \}' ~~~~~~~~;?c~Xr Press HOVE AND NEW YORK 234x156 HB Copyright © 1998 by Psychology Press All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microform, retrieval system, or any other means without the prior written permission of the publisher. Psychology Press 27 Church Road Hove East Sussex, BN3 2FA U.K. Psychology Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Transferred to digital printing 2011 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-86377-807-0 Typeset by J&L Composition Ltd, Filey, North Yorkshire. Publisher's Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent. Contents List of Contributors ix General Introduction 1 Nigel Foreman and Raphael Gillett Why this handbook? I Volume 2: Clinical and comparative studies 3 Human clinical studies 3 The clinical approach 3 The neurobehavioural approach 4 The ethological approach 7 Symbiosis between human and animal work 8 References 8 1 Visual-spatial Skill and Standard Psychometric Tests 11 J. Graham Beaumont Introduction II The isolation of visual-spatial skills 12 Visual-spatial skill and general cognitive ability 13 Specific psychometric tests of visual-spatial skill 15 Visual organisation 15 Visual scanning 17 Visual-spatial functions 17 Visual construction 22 Drawing and copying 23 Theoretical aspects 24 Cognitive neuropsychology 24 iii iv CONTENTS Visual-spatial neglect 25 Internal frames of reference 26 Contemporary theoretical positions 28 Conclusion 29 References 30 2 A Cognitive Neuropsychological Approach to Spatial Memory Deficits in Brain-damaged Patients 33 Martial Van der Linden and Thierry Meulemans Introduction 33 Spatial working memory 34 Topographical memory 41 Long-term memory for spatial location 48 Conclusion 52 References 53 3 Animal Spatial Cognition and Exploration 59 Catherine Thinus-Blanc, Etienne Save and Bruno Poucet Introduction 59 The spatial function of exploration 60 Exploration and problem solving 62 The dishabituation paradigm 66 Open field with objects 68 Reaction to a missing stimulus 75 The dishabituation paradigm for studying hippocampal functions 77 Advantages and pitfalls of paradigms based on exploration 80 Conclusions 83 References 84 4 The Radial Arm Maze: Twenty Years On 87 Nigel Foreman and Irina Ermakova Introduction 87 Evolution of the radial arm maze 88 Procedures: Practical considerations for the standard continuous version of the task 90 Data collection 91 Measurement of performance: The standard continuous version of the task 92 Containment between choices 95 Performance strategies: How do animals complete the task? 97 Extramaze vs. intramaze spatial cues 99 Choice criteria 102 Olfaction 102 Learning and memory I 03 Spatial vs. operant learning 103 Memory: Parameters of performance 104 CONTENTS V Differential baiting: Working vs. reference memory 106 Influences on RAM performance 110 Early experience 110 Sex differences 111 Age 111 Stress 112 Species and strain variation in performance 112 Win-shift and natural foraging 114 Algorithmic response patterning 116 Scoring of algorithmic response patterns 117 Predominant algorithms: Influencing factors 124 Breaking algorithmic response patterns (strategies) 125 Do algorithms mask poor performance? 126 An aquatic version: The radial water maze 128 Alternative paradigms using a radial structure 130 The Barnes platform task 130 Matching and nonmatching to sample 131 Concluding remarks 131 Acknowledgements 132 References 132 5 The Morris Water Maze (is not a Maze) 145 Franroise Schenk A timely task design 145 The analysis of spatial representations 147 Which measures must be recorded? 148 Comparison with a task on solid ground 150 What do rats actually know: Place memory or alternative strategies? 151 Critical steps in task acquisition: Platform pre-exposure and instantaneous transfer tests 153 A role for vestibular and other idiothetic cues 154 What is the minimum visual information required for place memory? 156 How critical is the memory of the panorama from the training sector? 158 Assessing the importance of local cues in place-learning designs 160 Reversal learning and learning sets 163 Long-term retention: Memory consolidation or primacy effect? 164 The ambiguity of stress effects 165 Dissociations between memory components for place learning 167 Maturational steps 168 Performance in the Morris task following damage of the hippocampal formation 171 Multiple aspects of cholinergic functions 173 vi CONTENTS Eco-ethological relevance of the Morris task 175 Is it a valid task for the evaluation of adaptive spatial abilities? 175 Shall we reject or rather refine our hypotheses? 177 Do we need to reject the spatial map hypothesis? 177 Do we need to reconsider which brain structures are involved in spatial memory? 178 Does it raise some experimental issues? 180 Acknowledgements 181 References 181 6 Testing for Spatial Brain Dysfunction in Animals 189 Helen Hodges Introduction: Approaches to the assessment of spatial brain dysfunction 189 Variety of procedures for the assessment of spatial learning and memory 191 Visuospatial information processing 195 Cue distribution and salience 196 Cue removal 197 Cue stability 198 Associative vs. cognitive mapping processes 199 Egocentric spatial information processing 202 Nonvisual sensory information involved in spatial navigation 203 Olfactory information 204 Tactile information and vibrissae movement 205 Search strategies 207 Nonsensory factors affecting spatial navigation 209 Task motivation and stress 209 Training and testing regimes 211 Assessment of memory deficits by spatial tasks 213 Procedural vs. rapid acquisition tasks 213 Working memory tasks 217 Working memory and the hippocampus 222 Assessment of recovery of function in spatial tasks 224 Environmental enrichment 225 Intra-cerebral transplantation 226 Combined effects of enrichment and transplantation 228 Conclusions 230 Acknowledgements 230 References 231 7 Long-distance Travels and Homing: Dispersal, Migrations, Excursions 239 Jacques Bovet A preliminary overview and a prefatory note 239 Observing and recording travels in the field 241 CONTENTS vii Capture-Marking-Recapture 241 Radio-tracking 242 Miscellaneous opportunistic techniques 245 The home range 247 Measuring home range size and shape 247 Travels within the home range boundaries 250 Long-distance travels and homing 251 A hazy history 251 Homing phenomena and strategies 252 Spontaneous behaviour 255 Experiments 259 Perspectives for the study of mammals 264 References 264 Author index 270 Subjectindex 277 List of Contributors J. Graham Beaumont, Department of Clinical Psychology, Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability, West Hill, Putney, London, SW15 3SW, UK Jacques Bovet, Departement de biologie, Universite Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada GIK 7P4 Irina Ermakova, Institute for Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, 5a Butlerova Str, Moscow ll7485, Russia Nigel Foreman, Department of Psychology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LEI 7RH, UK Raphael Gillett, Department of Psychology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LEI 7RH, UK Helen Hodges, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK Thierry Meulemans, Service de Neuropsychologie, University of Liege, Boule vard du Rectorat, B33, B-4000 Liege, Belgium Bruno Poucet, CNRS - Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences Cognitives, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille 13402, cedex 20, France Etienne Save, CNRS - Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences Cognitives, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille 13402, cedex 20, France Fran~oise Schenk, Institute de Psychologie, Universite de Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland Catherine Thinus-Bianc, CNRS - Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences Cognitives, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille 13402, cedex 20, France Martial Van der Linden, Service de Neuropsychologie, University of Liege, Boulevard du Rectorat, B33, B-4000 Liege, Belgium ix
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