Handbook of Small Satellites: Technology, Design, Manufacture, Applications, Economics and Regulation PDF
Preview Handbook of Small Satellites: Technology, Design, Manufacture, Applications, Economics and Regulation
Joseph N. Pelton Editor Scott Madry Associate Editor Handbook of Small Satellites Technology, Design, Manufacture, Applications, Economics and Regulation Handbook of Small Satellites Joseph N. Pelton Editor Scott Madry Associate Editor Handbook of Small Satellites Technology, Design, Manufacture, Applications, Economics and Regulation With476Figuresand92Tables Editor JosephN.Pelton ExecutiveBoard InternationalAssociationforthe AdvancementofSpaceSafety Arlington,VA,USA InternationalSpaceUniversity(ISU) Strasbourg,France AssociateEditor ScottMadry TheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill ChapelHill,NC,USA ISBN978-3-030-36307-9 ISBN978-3-030-36308-6(eBook) ISBN978-3-030-36309-3(printandelectronicbundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36308-6 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafterdeveloped. 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Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword The Space Industry as of 2020 continues to be one of the most rapidly growing sectorsintheglobaleconomywithnearlyhalfatrilliondollarsinvariousactivities related totelecommunications,remotesensingand Earth observation, meteorology andclimatechangemonitoring,spacenavigation,spaceexplorationandexperimen- tation, national defense, as well as a range of brand new space activities. These innovative applications include on-orbit services, RF Geolocation, data analytics, electronic-tracking antenna system in space and on the ground, commercial inter- satellite linkages and data relay, artificial identification systems (AIS), Internet of Things (IoT) services provided by space systems, re-usable launch vehicles, and more. The world of space today has expanded significantly beyond the activities carriedoutbynationalandregionalspaceagenciesandmilitaryanddefense-related space agencies. Some marketstudieshave suggestedthat commercial space activi- tiesarenowthreetimeslargerthangovernmentalanddefense-relatedactivities.The so-called“NewSpace”and“Space2.0”activitieshave,inlargepart,beenresponsi- ble for the rapid growth and expansion of the global space industrial and services activities. Nevertheless,“NewSpace”systemsandsmallsatellite-relatedindustries will be adversely impacted by the Corona-virus along with the rest of the global economyforthenextfewyears. One of the factors that has driven this new growth is the new small satellite revolution in the space industry. Tens of thousands of small satellites have been proposed to be deployed in constellations – largely in low Earth orbit and largely between 700 km and 1500 km altitudes. These new initiatives to deploy small satellite constellations on a very large scale have, in part, driven new demands for newtypesofspacesystemsandtechnology.Inparticular,ithashelpedfuelexpanded space markets for such new capabilities as highly cost-efficient reusable launch vehicle or highly versatile new phased array antenna systems with electronic- pointingcapabilitiestosupportnewbroadbandnetworkingandcommunicationsto LEOconstellations. This new Handbook on Small Satellites is an important and comprehensive reference source for all aspects of the amazingly fast-growing field of small satel- lites.Itcoverseverythingfromthesmallfemtosats(orchipsats)thatarebelow100g inmasstopicosats(100gto1kg),nanosats(1–10kg)(whichalsocoverscubesats), microsats (10–100 kg), and even mini-satellites that can be as large as 1000 kg although some limit these to 500 kg or 600 kg of mass. It covers the latest v vi Foreword informationaboutchipsats,pocketqubes,andcubesatsforexperimentsandtechnol- ogy demonstrations but also examines the latest innovations related to commercial smallsatellitesforanewrangeofspaceapplications.Inshort,itcoverseveryaspect of the small satellite world. Thus there are articles that discuss launch vehicles, facilitators for launch arrangements, and licensing and regulatory issues and con- cerns, such as end of life de-orbit and orbital debris challenges. It also addresses financing, new applications, and every aspect of small satellite design and techno- logical engineering. The Handbook of Satellite Applications that preceded this Handbook of Small Satellites provided a broad and useful overview, but this new resourceprovideswithinits82chaptersawealthofspecificinformationaboutevery aspectofthisimportantnewfieldofspacedevelopment. Noted experts around the world from Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, North, andSouthAmerica–overseventyinnumber–havecontributedtothisremarkable publication.ManyofthesecontributorshavetiestotheInternationalSpaceUniver- sityandare,orhavebeen,onitsfacultyorwereatonetimestudentsofthisglobal university that is devoted to understanding the cosmos as well as every aspect of spaceapplications.Isalutethisremarkablenewreferencehandbookandespecially Dr. Joseph Pelton, who was the first Chairman of the Board and first Dean of the InternationalSpaceUniversity,plusallofitsauthorsfromaroundtheglobe. President,InternationalSpaceUniversity JuandeDalmau Strasbourg,France Preface Why a Handbook on Small Satellites There are many excellent books and articles now available on all aspects of small satellites.Thisisafieldthathasexplodedinactivityandglobalinterestinthepast decade.Thereareawiderangeofindividualsourcesaboutthetechnology,otherson the applications and services, and yet others about the economics, launch arrange- ments,policyandregulation,andsocialandpoliticalconsequences.Yettherehasnot previously been a comprehensive and interdisciplinary source of information that collectsallofthisinformationtogetherinaholisticway–untilnow.ThisHandbook ofSmallSatellitesseekstoprovideacompleteoverviewofallaspectsofthesmall satellitefield. Thusleadingexpertsfromaroundtheworldhavebeenrecruitedtoprovideinone reference source the latest and state-of-the-art information about small satellites – fromthesmallestFemtosattothelargestandmostsophisticatedsmallsatellitesthat are being deployed in so-called “mega-LEO” satellite constellations. Thus this handbook provides information about the historical development of “smallsats” as well asanexplanationofthevarioustypes of“smallsats”thatarebeingdeveloped and launched today. It also provides latest information on the space and ground systems technology, the applications and services, and the economic, policy, regu- latory,legal,business,andsocialaspectsofthisburgeoningfieldofspaceactivity. This book seeks to provides information from the perspective of all those interested in space satellites. It thus seeks to provide useful information for the student experimenter and for those undertaking smallsat projects for civilian space agencies and military and defense agencies. It also provides useful information suitable for so-called “NewSpace” business enterprises engaged in small satellite- relatedbusinessesaswellasthepoliticalandlegalofficialsthatprovidetheregula- tory oversight for small satellite systems. This includes information about the efficientallocationandoversightofthefrequencyspectrumneededforthesesystems tooperateeffectively. This Handbook on Small Satellites addresses key issues such as orbital space debris, end of life removal of small satellites from orbit, new ways to design and build satellites, frequency spectrum coordination, as well as innovative ways to addresstheproblemsofjammingandinterference.Itevenaddressesnewapproaches vii viii Preface totheefficientuseofspaceresourcesandsatellitessuchasplacinghostedpayloads on larger satellites. It addresses the new opportunities for achieving cost-efficient “space-like”servicesfromhighaltitudeplatformsystems(HAPS). It is the hope of all the contributors to this reference work and the scores of participantsfromaroundtheworldthatthishandbookwillbehelpful.Inparticularit ishopedthatthemanychaptersthatfollow,plusthemanyreferencestobooksand articles found in endnotes, can serve as a useful guide to the design, manufacture, deployment, use, oversight, and business developments needed for the future suc- cess of “small satellites” enterprises around the world. The burgeoning number of smallsat systems and launches represent a powerful element in the growth of “NewSpace”or“Space2.0”ventures.Thesenewspace businesseshavesprungup around the world. They are now giving new impetus to a rapidly expanding space industry. In time these space enterprises will expand to become a “trillion dollar” industry.Thesenewspaceindustrieswillhelpsustainagrowingworldeconomy.In short, “smallsats” will touch everyone. They will aid enterprises that range from ecology to banking, from fishing to mining, from airline travel to health care and education. Thisisnottosaythat“smallsats”willreplacelargesatellites.Largeandpowerful high throughput satellite, for instance, are currently best positioned to provide broadcast television services to small low-cost satellite dishes. Other satellites services, such as for Precise Navigation and Timing (PNT) services and those providing precise radar imaging with active sensing systems, will also require sophisticated satellites with relatively high power levels as well. The technical, operational, and economic reasons for making the “right” decisions on satellite size and architecture will be explained in later parts of this Handbook. Instead of smallsatellitesbeinga“replacement”tolargeandpowerfulsatellites,wewillseea sortofco-existenceofalltypesofsatellitesfromtinyandsmalltomediumandlarge- scale.Evenso,innovationsinoneareamayverywellbesharedandtransferred.The case of Canada’s new three satellite Radarsat constellation is perhaps an excellent caseinpoint. Scope and Structure of this Handbook ThisHandbookofSmallSatellitesseekstoprovideacomprehensiveoverviewofthe small satellite field. It thus addresses the history of small satellites and provides insight into the technology and its evolution over time both in terms of the space- craft, the tracking, telemetry and command aspects of its operation, as well as the corresponding changes to the ground segment for users of this technology that represents a critical part of the evolutionary path of the feasibility and economics ofsmallsatellites.Keynewfeaturessuchashostedpayloads,highaltitudeplatform systems, active debris removal, on-orbit servicing, ground systems with electronic trackingcapabilities,andmorewillbeaddressedaswell. After the technological and operational aspects are presented, the next part will addresskeyaspectsofsmallsatellitedesign,engineering,andmanufacture.Thiswill Preface ix also address business-related concerns such as contracting, resiliency and sparing philosophy,andprotectionofintellectualpropertyrights. Thenextpartaddressesthegreatcomplexityofapplicationsandservicesandthe many different types of small satellites that can be deployed to meet the needs associatedwiththeincreasinglydiverserangeofservicesaswellasthemanytypes of organizations and units that are now pursuing the active deployment and use of smallsatellites.Thisevenincludestheuseofsmallsatellitesbydefenseagenciesand militaryministries. The final major element of the handbook addresses the economic, legal, and regulatory issues and constraints that are concerned with the increasingly complex fieldofsmallsatellites. Thisisfollowedbyaconclusionpartthatassessesallofthecurrenttrends;major technical, economic, social, and regulatory issues that are pending; and how this relatestothesmallsatelliterevolutionandSpace2.0industries.Thissynopticfinal analysis provides a coherent overview of the field of small satellites around the world. It also provides the key trends inthe area ofsmallsatellites and its ups and downstobroaderworldgoalsandobjectivessuchastheUnitedNations17Sustain- able Development Goals (see Fig. 1) and the work of the Davos World Economic Forum. Therearealsoseriesof“referencearticles”inPart14thatprovideinformationon small satellite projects, companies, and launchers as well as information related to regulatory actions and policies and finally a glossary of terms. In light of the transitory nature of developments in this fast moving field, an effort is made to provide website addresses with current URLs so that the status of projects can be Fig. 1 New capabilities offered by Smallsats Can Benefit Developing Nations and the UN SustainableDevelopmentGoals.(GraphicCourtesyoftheUnitedNations) x Preface obtainedfromtheofficialsiteforsmallsatelliteprojects.Collectivelythishandbook should provide comprehensive information about every aspect of the fast moving worldofsmallsatellites. JosephN.Pelton Editor
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