ebook THE GUILFORD PRESS Handbook of Self-Regulation H andbook of S -R elf egulation R , T , eseaRch heoRy a and pplicaTions Third Edition Edited by k d. V atHleen oHS R f. b oy aumeiSteR THE GUILFORD PRESS New York London Copyright © 2016 The Guilford Press A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc. 370 Seventh Avenue, Suite 1200, New York, NY 10001 www.guilford.com All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America This book is printed on acid-free paper. Last digit is print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Vohs, Kathleen D., editor. | Baumeister, Roy F., editor. Title: Handbook of self-regulation : research, theory, and applications / edited by Kathleen D. Vohs, Roy F. Baumeister. Description: Third edition. | New York : The Guilford Press, 2016. | Revised edition of Handbook of self-regulation, 2011. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015041548 | ISBN 9781462520459 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Self-control. | Self-management (Psychology) | BISAC: PSYCHOLOGY / Social Psychology. | MEDICAL / Psychiatry / General. | PSYCHOLOGY / Personality. | PSYCHOLOGY / Clinical Psychology. Classification: LCC BF632.H262 2016 | DDC 153.8—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015041548 To Oliver Vohs —K. D. V. To those who build, rather than destroy —R. F. B. About the Editors Kathleen D. Vohs, PhD, is Professor of Marketing at the University of Minnesota’s Carlson School of Management. She holds a Distinguished McKnight University Professor ship and the Land O’ Lakes Chair of Marketing. In 2014, Dr. Vohs was granted the Anneliese Maier Research Award from the Humboldt Foundation in a competition across the sci- ences and humanities. Poets and Quants named her as one of the best business school professors under the age of 40. She has more than 150 professional publications, includ- ing nine books. Dr. Vohs’s research is concerned with self-regulation, particularly in regard to impulsive spending and eating, decision making, self-esteem, free-will beliefs, sexual economics, and the psychology of money. Roy F. Baumeister, PhD, holds the Eppes Professorship in the Department of Psychol- ogy at Florida State University. He has written nearly 600 professional publications and numerous books for professionals and the general public. Dr. Baumeister’s research on self-regulation addresses such topics as aggression, eating, sexuality, emotion, limited resources, addiction, free will, physiology, and task performance. vi Contributors Henk Aarts, PhD, Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Amelia Aldao, PhD, Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Russell A. Barkley, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York Roy F. Baumeister, PhD, Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida Elliot T. Berkman, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon Clancy Blair, PhD, Department of Applied Psychology, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, New York University, New York, New York Ian A. Boggero, MS, Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky Julie Y. A. Cachia, MA, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York Jimmy Calanchini, BA, Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California Jessica J. Carnevale, PhD, Department of Psychology, Purchase College, State University of New York, Purchase, New York Charles S. Carver, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida Kasey G. Creswell, PhD, Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Erin K. Davisson, PhD, Center for the Study of Adolescent Risk and Resilience, Duke Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Colin G. DeYoung, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Alta du Pont, BA, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado Angela L. Duckworth, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Nancy Eisenberg, PhD, Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona Lauren Eskreis-Winkler, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania vii viii Contributors Daniel R. Evans, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island Allison K. Farrell, BS, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Eli J. Finkel, PhD, Department of Psychology and the Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois Catrin Finkenauer, PhD, Department of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Gráinne M. Fitzsimons, PhD, Fuqua School of Business and Department of Psychology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Kentaro Fujita, PhD, Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Kirsten E. Gilbert, PhD, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri Yuthika U. Girme, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Peter M. Gollwitzer, PhD, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York; Faculty of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany James J. Gross, PhD, Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California June Gruber, PhD, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado Todd F. Heatherton, PhD, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire Julie D. Henry, PhD, School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia Garrett Hisler, BS, Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa Wilhelm Hofmann, PhD, Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Rick H. Hoyle, PhD, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Michael Inzlicht, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Joseph W. Kable, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Aaron C. Kay, PhD, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Sander L. Koole, PhD, Faculty of Psychology and Education, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Zlatan Krizan, PhD, Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa Kristin Laurin, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Kim Ly, MBA, Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Drew B. Mallory, MSc, Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana Heather M. Maranges, BS, Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida Joseph T. McGuire, PhD, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts Gabriele Oettingen, PhD, Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York; Institute of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany