Handbook of Scaling Methods in Aquatic Ecology: Measurement, Analysis, Simulation

568 Pages·2003·71.052 MB·English

by  Laurent Seuront, Peter G. Strutton

H A N D B O O K O F
S M
caling ethods
A E
quatic cology
in
Measurement, Analysis, Simulation
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
H A N D B O O K O F
S M
caling ethods
A E
quatic cology
in
Measurement, Analysis, Simulation
E D I T E D B Y
Laurent seuront
Peter G. Strutton
CRC PR ESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Handbook of scaling methods in aquatic ecology : measurement, analysis, simulation /
edited by Laurent Seuront and Peter G. Strutton.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-1344-9
1. Aquatic ecology(cid:151)Research(cid:151)Methodology. 2. Aquatic ecology(cid:151)Measurement. 3.
Aquatic ecology(cid:151)Simulation methods. I. Seuront, Laurent. II. Strutton, Peter G.
QH541.5.W3H36 2003
577.6¢072(cid:151)dc21 2003051467
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Preface
Aquatic scientists have always been intrigued with concepts of scale. This interest perhaps stems from
the nature of (cid:223)uid dynamics in oceans and lakes (cid:151) energy cascades from spatial scales of kilometers
down to viscous scales at centimeters or less. Turbulent processes affect not only an organism(cid:146)s perception
of, and response to, the physical environment, but also the interaction between species, both within and
across trophic levels.
Our ability to understand processes that act across scales has traditionally been technically limited by
the availability of appropriate instruments, suitable analysis, modeling and simulation techniques, and
suf(cid:222)cient computing power. In some respects we have also lacked a theoretical framework for conducting
these observations, analyses, and simulations. Since the 1970s these problems have partially been
overcome and our understanding of the relationship between scale and aquatic processes has advanced
accordingly. In fact, it was in the early 1970s that the (cid:222)rst applications of spectral analysis to biological
oceanographic data emerged. This initial work described the scale-dependent nature of biological(cid:150)
physical interactions and stimulated investigations of such interactions across a vast array of time and
space scales. However, even if the increase in computer power during the last three decades has opened
new perspectives in space(cid:150)time complexity in aquatic ecology, it is still unfortunately not suf(cid:222)cient.
For example, a realistic framework for turbulence simulations will still require several decades of
technical improvements, simply to be able to handle high Reynolds number (cid:223)ows, while a theoretical
framework for intermittent processes (cid:151) increasingly recognized as playing a crucial role in aquatic
ecosystems (cid:151) still does not exist.
Only in recent years has aquatic ecology begun to incorporate new, exciting, and often interrelated
observational, analysis, modeling, and simulation techniques. These include the following:
(cid:149) Development of techniques to observe small-scale biological processes such as bacterial chemo-
taxis, zooplankton behavior, and organisms(cid:146) responses to turbulence
(cid:149) Increasing availability and use of satellite data to view the other end of the spatial spectrum
(cid:230) basin scale dynamics
(cid:149) Incorporation of nonlinear analysis techniques and application of concepts from chaos theory
to problems of spatial and temporal processes
(cid:149) Advancement of models and simulations to mimic and hence understand complex biological
processes
This volume compiles a comprehensive selection of papers, illustrating some of the recent advances that
have been made toward understanding physical, biological, and chemical processes across multiple time
and space scales. The chapters cover a range of ecosystems, both oceanic and freshwater, from pelagic to
benthic/rocky intertidal to seagrass beds. The scale of processes considered ranges from the microscopic
to almost global, spanning topics such as physiological cues in individual phytoplankton cells and mating
signals in zooplankton to basin-scale primary productivity. The range of organisms studied is equally
diverse, from phyto- and zooplankton to large (cid:222)sh dynamics. A broad range of up-to-date observational,
data analysis, and simulation techniques is presented. These include (1) new bio-optical, video,
acoustic, remote sensing, and synchrotron-based imaging systems, (2) different scaling methods
(i.e., fractals, wavelets, rank-order relationship) to assess a broad range of spatial and temporal patterns
and processes, and (3) innovative simulation techniques that allow insights into processes ranging
from individual behavior to population dynamics, the structure of turbulent intermittency and its effects
on swimming organisms, and the effect of large-scale physical forcings on particle distributions at
small scales. Measurement, analysis, and simulation at the organismal level might be crucial to
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
investigate the poorly understood cumulative effect of (cid:222)ne-scale processes on broad-scale biosphere
processes. This approach may eventually link dynamic processes at several spatiotemporal scales both
to understand complex ecological systems and to address old research questions from new perspectives.
It is our hope that this compilation will expose exciting new research to those already working in the
(cid:222)eld, as well as facilitate a type of cross-pollination by introducing other sections of the scienti(cid:222)c
community to recent developments. We thus believe that the combination of three potentially disparate
(cid:222)elds (cid:151) measurement, analysis, and simulation (cid:151) in one volume will serve to build bridges between
experimentalists and theoreticians. Only by the close collaboration of these (cid:222)elds will we continue to
gain a solid understanding of complex aquatic ecosystems.
Laurent Seuront and Peter G. Strutton
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
Acknowledgments
This book arose out of a special session entitled (cid:147)Dealing with Scales in Aquatic Ecology: Structure
and Function in Aquatic Ecosystems(cid:148) at the 2001 ASLO Aquatic Science Meeting. We gratefully
acknowledge the Organizing Committee chairs, Josef Ackerman and Saran Twombly, for their enthu-
siastic support of what was a successful and popular session, and what we hope will be a successful
and popular compilation. Speci(cid:222)cally, we thank the contributors to that session for their quality
presentations. We acknowledge, in alphabetical order, C. Avois, J.A. Barth, A.S. Cohen, E.A. Cowen,
T.J. Cowles, T.L. Cucci, H. Cyr, M.M. Dekshenieks (McManus), P.L. Donaghay, K.E. Fisher, C.
Greenlaw, R.E. Hecky, D.V. Holliday, Z. Johnson, P. Legendre, M. Louis, D. McGehee, C.M. O(cid:146)Reilly,
V. Pasour, J.E. Rines, F.G. Schmitt, C.S. Sieracki, M.E. Sieracki, J. Sullivan, E.C.U. Thier, A.K.
Yamazaki, and H. Yamazaki. Finally, we owe our thanks to the reviewers of the chapters for improving
the quality of the published work.
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
Editors
Laurent Seuront, Ph.D., is a CNRS Research Scientist at the Wimereux Marine Station, University of
Lille 1 (cid:230) CNRS UMR 8013 ELICO, France. His education includes a B.S. in population biology and
ecology from the University of Lille 1 (1992); an M.S. in marine ecology, data analysis, and modelling
from the University of Paris 6 (1995); and a Ph.D. in biological oceanography from the University of
Lille 1 (1999). Prior to his present position, he was a research fellow of the Japanese Society for the
Promotion of Science at the Tokyo University of Fisheries, working with Hidekatsu Yamazaki.
Dr. Seuront(cid:146)s research concerns biological(cid:150)physical coupling in aquatic/marine systems/environ-
ments, particularly with regard to the effect of microscale (submeter) patterns and processes on large-
scale processes. Aspects of his work combine (cid:222)eld, laboratory, and numerical experiments to study the
centimeter-scale distribution of biological (nutrient, bacteria, phytoplankton, microphytobenthos, and
microzoobenthos) and physical parameters (temperature, salinity, light, turbulence), as well as the motile
behavior of individual organisms in response to different biophysical forcings. His work to date has been
the subject of more than 30 publications in international journals and contributed books, more than
30 presentations at international conferences, and invited seminars at more than 20 locations throughout
the world.
Peter G. Strutton, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor of Oceanography at the Marine Sciences Research
Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook. Prior to his current appointment he was Postdoctoral
Scientist with Francisco Chavez at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. He received his B.Sc.
(Honors) and Ph.D. in marine science from Flinders University of South Australia, working with Jim
Mitchell, who was in turn a student of Akira Okubo at Stony Brook. Professor Okubo(cid:146)s legacy is apparent
in many of the chapters contained in this volume.
Dr. Strutton(cid:146)s work focuses on the interaction among physics, biology, and chemistry in the ocean
at a broad range of time and space scales. Current areas of interest include the spatial and temporal
variability of carbon cycling in the equatorial Paci(cid:222)c, the in(cid:223)uence of phytoplankton on the heat budget
of the upper ocean, and the biological(cid:150)physical interactions associated with open ocean iron fertilization.
Since 1996 he has authored or co-authored approximately 20 publications and has presented his work
at more than 30 meetings and invited seminars.
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
Contributors
Neil S. Banas Jason Brown
School of Oceanography School of Biology
University of Washington Georgia Institute of Technology
Seattle, Washington, U.S.A. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
Richard T. Barber Maria Bunta
Nicholas School of the Environment Department of Physics
and Earth Sciences University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Duke University Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Beaufort, North Carolina, U.S.A.
Janet W. Campbell
Carlos Bas Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory
Institute of Marine Science (CSIC) University of New Hampshire
Paseo Juan de Borbón Durham, New Hampshire, U.S.A.
Barcelona, Spain
Philippe Caparroy
Alberto Basset Insect Biology Research Institute
Department of Biology CNRS–University of Tours
University of Lecce Tours, France
Lecce, Italy
Jose Juan Castro
Mark C. Benfield Fisheries Research Group
Department of Oceanography University of Las Palmas
and Coastal Sciences Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
Coastal Fisheries Institute
Michael Caun
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A. Department of Life Sciences
University of California at Santa Barbara
Uta Berger Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A.
Center for Tropical Marine Ecology
Francisco P. Chavez
Bremen, Germany
Monterey Bay Aquarium
Olivier Bernard Research Institute
COMORE–INRIA Moss Landing, California, U.S.A.
Sophia-Antipolis, France
Andrew S. Cohen
David R. Blakeway Department of Geosciences
Department of Biological Sciences University of Arizona
California State University Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.
Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Timothy J. Cowles
Matthew C. Brewer College of Oceanic
Department of Zoology and Atmospheric Sciences
University of Florida Oregon State University
Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A. Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A.
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
Hélène Cyr Rodney G. Fredericks
Department of Zoology Coastal Studies Field Support Group
University of Toronto Louisiana State University
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.
John Davenport David A. Fuentes
Environmental Research Institute Department of Biological Sciences
Department of Zoology, Ecology, California State University
and Plant Science Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
University College Cork
Cork, Ireland Vincent Ginot
INRA Biometry Unit
Dominique Davoult
Domaine St. Paul
Biological Station of Roscoff
Avignon, France
University of Paris 6 and CNRS
Roscoff, France Mario Giordano
Institute of Marine Sciences
Donald L. DeAngelis
University of Ancona
Biological Resources Division
Ancona, Italy
U.S. Geological Survey
and Department of Biology Jarl Giske
University of Miami
Department of Fisheries
Coral Gables, Florida, U.S.A.
and Marine Biology
University of Bergen
Robert A. Desharnais
Bergen, Norway
Department of Biological Sciences
California State University
Volker Grimm
Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Department of Ecological Modelling
UFZ Centre for Environmental Research
Peter J. Dillon
Leipzig–Halle
Department of Chemistry
Leipzig, Germany
Trent University
Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
Robert E. Hecky
Department of Biology
Michael Doall
University of Waterloo
Functional Ecology Laboratory
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
State University of New York
at Stony Brook
Jean-Pierre Hermand
Stony Brook, New York, U.S.A.
Department of Optics and Acoustics
Douglas D. Donalson University of Brussels (ULB)
Department of Biological Sciences Brussels, Belgium
California State University
Carol J. Hirschmugl
Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Department of Physics
Igor M. Dremin University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Theory Department Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Lebedev Physical Institute
Geir Huse
Moscow, Russia
Department of Fisheries
Karen E. Fisher and Marine Biology
Los Alamos National Laboratory University of Bergen
Los Alamos, New Mexico, U.S.A. Bergen, Norway
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
Oleg V. Ivanov Horst Malchow
Theory Department Department of Mathematics
Lebedev Physical Institute and Computer Science
Moscow, Russia Institute for Environmental
Systems Research
Houshuo Jiang University of Osnabrück
Department of Applied Ocean Physics Osnabrück, Germany
and Engineering
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Alexander B. Medvinsky
Woods Hole, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Institute for Theoretical
and Experimental Biophysics
Mark P. Johnson Russian Academy of Sciences
School of Biology and Biochemistry Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
The Queen’s University of Belfast
Belfast, United Kingdom Aline Migné
Laboratory of Hydrobiology
Daniel Kamykowski
University of Paris 6 and CNRS
Department of Marine, Earth,
Paris, France
and Atmospheric Sciences
North Carolina State University
James G. Mitchell
Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A.
School of Biological Sciences
Flinders University
Sean F. Keenan
Adelaide, Australia
Department of Oceanography
and Coastal Sciences
Wolf M. Mooij
Louisiana State University
Centre for Limnology
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A.
The Netherlands Institute of Ecology
Nieuwersluis, the Netherlands
Sophie Leterme
Wimereux Marine Station
Vladimir A. Nechitailo
CNRS
Theory Department
and
Lebedev Physical Institute
University of Lille 1
Moscow, Russia
Wimereux, France
Amala Mahadevan Roger M. Nisbet
Department of Applied Mathematics Department of Ecology, Evolution,
and Theoretical Physics and Marine Biology
University of Cambridge University of California at Santa Barbara
Cambridge, United Kingdom Santa Barbara, California, U.S.A.
and
Ocean Process Analysis Laboratory Catherine M. O’Reilly
University of New Hampshire Environmental Science Program
Durham, New Hampshire, U.S.A. Vassar College
Poughkeepsie, New York, U.S.A.
Bruce D. Malamud
Environmental Monitoring Thomas Osborn
and Modelling Group Department of Earth
Department of Geography and Planetary Sciences
King’s College London, Strand The Johns Hopkins University
London, United Kingdom Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC