Handbook of Scaling Methods in Aquatic Ecology Measurement Analysis Simulation

622 Pages·2003·24.78 MB·English

by  Laurent Seuront

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H A N D B O O K O F
S M
caling ethods
A E
quatic cology
in
Measurement, Analysis, Simulation
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H A N D B O O K O F
S M
caling ethods
A E
quatic cology
in
Measurement, Analysis, Simulation
E D I T E D B Y
Laurent seuront
Peter G. Strutton
CRC PR ESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
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Cover: Mount Fuji from the Of(cid:222)ng, also known as The Great Wave off Kanagawa, from the series of block prints 36 Views
of Mount Fuji (1823(cid:150)1829) by Katsushika Hokusai (1760(cid:150)1849).
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Handbook of scaling methods in aquatic ecology : measurement, analysis, simulation /
edited by Laurent Seuront and Peter G. Strutton.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-1344-9
1. Aquatic ecology(cid:151)Research(cid:151)Methodology. 2. Aquatic ecology(cid:151)Measurement. 3.
Aquatic ecology(cid:151)Simulation methods. I. Seuront, Laurent. II. Strutton, Peter G.
QH541.5.W3H36 2003
577.6¢072(cid:151)dc21 2003051467
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Preface
Aquatic scientists have always been intrigued with concepts of scale. This interest perhaps stems from
the nature of (cid:223)uid dynamics in oceans and lakes (cid:151) energy cascades from spatial scales of kilometers
down to viscous scales at centimeters or less. Turbulent processes affect not only an organism(cid:146)s perception
of, and response to, the physical environment, but also the interaction between species, both within and
across trophic levels.
Our ability to understand processes that act across scales has traditionally been technically limited by
the availability of appropriate instruments, suitable analysis, modeling and simulation techniques, and
suf(cid:222)cient computing power. In some respects we have also lacked a theoretical framework for conducting
these observations, analyses, and simulations. Since the 1970s these problems have partially been
overcome and our understanding of the relationship between scale and aquatic processes has advanced
accordingly. In fact, it was in the early 1970s that the (cid:222)rst applications of spectral analysis to biological
oceanographic data emerged. This initial work described the scale-dependent nature of biological(cid:150)
physical interactions and stimulated investigations of such interactions across a vast array of time and
space scales. However, even if the increase in computer power during the last three decades has opened
new perspectives in space(cid:150)time complexity in aquatic ecology, it is still unfortunately not suf(cid:222)cient.
For example, a realistic framework for turbulence simulations will still require several decades of
technical improvements, simply to be able to handle high Reynolds number (cid:223)ows, while a theoretical
framework for intermittent processes (cid:151) increasingly recognized as playing a crucial role in aquatic
ecosystems (cid:151) still does not exist.
Only in recent years has aquatic ecology begun to incorporate new, exciting, and often interrelated
observational, analysis, modeling, and simulation techniques. These include the following:
(cid:149) Development of techniques to observe small-scale biological processes such as bacterial chemo-
taxis, zooplankton behavior, and organisms(cid:146) responses to turbulence
(cid:149) Increasing availability and use of satellite data to view the other end of the spatial spectrum
(cid:230) basin scale dynamics
(cid:149) Incorporation of nonlinear analysis techniques and application of concepts from chaos theory
to problems of spatial and temporal processes
(cid:149) Advancement of models and simulations to mimic and hence understand complex biological
processes
This volume compiles a comprehensive selection of papers, illustrating some of the recent advances that
have been made toward understanding physical, biological, and chemical processes across multiple time
and space scales. The chapters cover a range of ecosystems, both oceanic and freshwater, from pelagic to
benthic/rocky intertidal to seagrass beds. The scale of processes considered ranges from the microscopic
to almost global, spanning topics such as physiological cues in individual phytoplankton cells and mating
signals in zooplankton to basin-scale primary productivity. The range of organisms studied is equally
diverse, from phyto- and zooplankton to large (cid:222)sh dynamics. A broad range of up-to-date observational,
data analysis, and simulation techniques is presented. These include (1) new bio-optical, video,
acoustic, remote sensing, and synchrotron-based imaging systems, (2) different scaling methods
(i.e., fractals, wavelets, rank-order relationship) to assess a broad range of spatial and temporal patterns
and processes, and (3) innovative simulation techniques that allow insights into processes ranging
from individual behavior to population dynamics, the structure of turbulent intermittency and its effects
on swimming organisms, and the effect of large-scale physical forcings on particle distributions at
small scales. Measurement, analysis, and simulation at the organismal level might be crucial to
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investigate the poorly understood cumulative effect of (cid:222)ne-scale processes on broad-scale biosphere
processes. This approach may eventually link dynamic processes at several spatiotemporal scales both
to understand complex ecological systems and to address old research questions from new perspectives.
It is our hope that this compilation will expose exciting new research to those already working in the
(cid:222)eld, as well as facilitate a type of cross-pollination by introducing other sections of the scienti(cid:222)c
community to recent developments. We thus believe that the combination of three potentially disparate
(cid:222)elds (cid:151) measurement, analysis, and simulation (cid:151) in one volume will serve to build bridges between
experimentalists and theoreticians. Only by the close collaboration of these (cid:222)elds will we continue to
gain a solid understanding of complex aquatic ecosystems.
Laurent Seuront and Peter G. Strutton
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Acknowledgments
This book arose out of a special session entitled (cid:147)Dealing with Scales in Aquatic Ecology: Structure
and Function in Aquatic Ecosystems(cid:148) at the 2001 ASLO Aquatic Science Meeting. We gratefully
acknowledge the Organizing Committee chairs, Josef Ackerman and Saran Twombly, for their enthu-
siastic support of what was a successful and popular session, and what we hope will be a successful
and popular compilation. Speci(cid:222)cally, we thank the contributors to that session for their quality
presentations. We acknowledge, in alphabetical order, C. Avois, J.A. Barth, A.S. Cohen, E.A. Cowen,
T.J. Cowles, T.L. Cucci, H. Cyr, M.M. Dekshenieks (McManus), P.L. Donaghay, K.E. Fisher, C.
Greenlaw, R.E. Hecky, D.V. Holliday, Z. Johnson, P. Legendre, M. Louis, D. McGehee, C.M. O(cid:146)Reilly,
V. Pasour, J.E. Rines, F.G. Schmitt, C.S. Sieracki, M.E. Sieracki, J. Sullivan, E.C.U. Thier, A.K.
Yamazaki, and H. Yamazaki. Finally, we owe our thanks to the reviewers of the chapters for improving
the quality of the published work.
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Editors
Laurent Seuront, Ph.D., is a CNRS Research Scientist at the Wimereux Marine Station, University of
Lille 1 (cid:230) CNRS UMR 8013 ELICO, France. His education includes a B.S. in population biology and
ecology from the University of Lille 1 (1992); an M.S. in marine ecology, data analysis, and modelling
from the University of Paris 6 (1995); and a Ph.D. in biological oceanography from the University of
Lille 1 (1999). Prior to his present position, he was a research fellow of the Japanese Society for the
Promotion of Science at the Tokyo University of Fisheries, working with Hidekatsu Yamazaki.
Dr. Seuront(cid:146)s research concerns biological(cid:150)physical coupling in aquatic/marine systems/environ-
ments, particularly with regard to the effect of microscale (submeter) patterns and processes on large-
scale processes. Aspects of his work combine (cid:222)eld, laboratory, and numerical experiments to study the
centimeter-scale distribution of biological (nutrient, bacteria, phytoplankton, microphytobenthos, and
microzoobenthos) and physical parameters (temperature, salinity, light, turbulence), as well as the motile
behavior of individual organisms in response to different biophysical forcings. His work to date has been
the subject of more than 30 publications in international journals and contributed books, more than
30 presentations at international conferences, and invited seminars at more than 20 locations throughout
the world.
Peter G. Strutton, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor of Oceanography at the Marine Sciences Research
Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook. Prior to his current appointment he was Postdoctoral
Scientist with Francisco Chavez at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. He received his B.Sc.
(Honors) and Ph.D. in marine science from Flinders University of South Australia, working with Jim
Mitchell, who was in turn a student of Akira Okubo at Stony Brook. Professor Okubo(cid:146)s legacy is apparent
in many of the chapters contained in this volume.
Dr. Strutton(cid:146)s work focuses on the interaction among physics, biology, and chemistry in the ocean
at a broad range of time and space scales. Current areas of interest include the spatial and temporal
variability of carbon cycling in the equatorial Paci(cid:222)c, the in(cid:223)uence of phytoplankton on the heat budget
of the upper ocean, and the biological(cid:150)physical interactions associated with open ocean iron fertilization.
Since 1996 he has authored or co-authored approximately 20 publications and has presented his work
at more than 30 meetings and invited seminars.