Handbook of Road Ecology PDF
Preview Handbook of Road Ecology
Handbook of Road Ecology H a n d b o o k o f R o a d E c o l o g y Edited by Rodney van der Ree, Daniel J. Smith and Clara Grilo This edition first published 2015 © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030‐5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley‐blackwell. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author(s) have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Handbook of road ecology / edited by Rodney van der Ree, Daniel J. Smith, and Clara Grilo. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-56818-7 (cloth) 1. Roadside ecology. 2. Roads–Design and construction–Environmental aspects. 3. Ecological assessment (Biology) 4. Wildlife conservation. I. Van der Ree, Rodney, editor. II. Smith, Daniel J. (Daniel Joseph), 1957– editor. III. Grilo, Clara, editor. QH541.5.R62H36 2015 577.5′5–dc23 2014046643 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Cover image: Flap-neck Chameleon photo by and reproduced with permission of Wendy Collinson. “Bonville Bypass Land Bridge”, Pacific Highway, NSW, Australia, photo by Rodney van der Ree Set in 9/11pt Photina by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India 1 2015 Contents Notes on contributors, ix 6 What transportation agencies need in environmental impact assessments and other Foreword, xx reports to minimise ecological impacts, 43 RichaRd T. T. FoRman JoSie STokeS Preface, xxii 7 Principles underpinning biodiversity offsets and guidance on their use, 51 Acknowledgements, xxiv yunG en chee About the companion website, xxvi 8 Construction of roads and wildlife mitigation measures: Pitfalls and opportunities, 60 1 The ecological effects of linear infrastructure and cameRon WelleR traffic: Challenges and opportunities of rapid global growth, 1 9 Ensuring the completed road project is designed, Rodney van deR Ree, daniel J. SmiTh and built and operated as intended, 65 claRa GRilo Rodney van deR Ree, STePhen TonJeS and cameRon WelleR 2 Bad roads, good roads, 10 William F. lauRance 10 Good science and experimentation are needed in road ecology, 71 3 Why keep areas road‐free? The importance of Rodney van deR Ree, Jochen a. G. JaeGeR, roadless areas, 16 TRina RyTWinSki and edGaR a. van deR nuRia Selva, adam SWiTalSki, STeFan kReFT GRiFT and PieRRe l. ibiSch 4 Incorporating biodiversity issues into road design: 11 Field methods to evaluate the impacts of roads The road agency perspective, 27 on wildlife, 82 kevin RobeRTS and andeRS SJölund daniel J. SmiTh and Rodney van deR Ree 5 Improving environmental impact 12 Case study: A robust method to obtain defendable assessment and road planning at the data on wildlife mortality, 96 landscape scale, 32 ÉRic GuinaRd, RoGeR PRodon and Jochen a. G. JaeGeR chRiSToPhe baRbRaud v vi Contents 13 Road–wildlife mitigation planning can be 24 Wildlife warning signs and animal detection improved by identifying the patterns and processes systems aimed at reducing wildlife-vehicle associated with wildlife-vehicle collisions, 101 collisions, 198 kaRi GunSon and FeRnanda ZimmeRmann maRcel P. huiJSeR, chRiSTa moSleR‐beRGeR, TeixeiRa maTTiaS olSSon and maRTin STRein 14 Incorporating landscape genetics into road 25 Use of reflectors and auditory deterrents to ecology, 110 prevent wildlife-vehicle collisions, 213 Paul SunnuckS and niko balkenhol Gino d’anGelo and Rodney van deR Ree 15 Guidelines for evaluating use of wildlife crossing 26 Ecological effects of railways on wildlife, 219 structures, 119 benJamin doRSey, maTTiaS olSSon edGaR a. van deR GRiFT and Rodney van and liSa J. ReW deR Ree 27 Impacts of utility and other industrial linear 16 Guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness of road corridors on wildlife, 228 mitigation measures, 129 a. david m. laTham and STan bouTin edGaR a. van deR GRiFT, Rodney van deR Ree and Jochen a. G. JaeGeR 28 The impacts of roads and traffic on terrestrial 17 How to maintain safe and effective mitigation animal populations, 237 measures, 138 TRina RyTWinSki and lenoRe FahRiG Rodney van deR Ree and STePhen TonJeS 29 Insects, snails and spiders: The role of 18 Understanding and mitigating the negative effects invertebrates in road ecology, 247 of road lighting on ecosystems, 143 heinRich Reck and Rodney van deR Ree bRadley F. blackWell, TRaviS l. devaulT and ThomaS W. SeamanS 30 Case study: Protecting Christmas Island’s iconic red crabs from vehicles, 258 19 Ecological impacts of road noise and options for Rob mulleR and mike miSSo mitigation, 151 kiRSTen m. PaRRiS 31 Making a safe leap forward: Mitigating road impacts on amphibians, 261 20 Fencing: A valuable tool for reducing andReW J. hameR, ThomaS e. S. lanGTon wildlife-vehicle collisions and funnelling and david leSbaRRèReS fauna to crossing structures, 159 Rodney van deR Ree, JeFFRey W. GaGnon 32 Reptiles: Overlooked but often at risk from roads, 271 and daniel J. SmiTh kimbeRly m. andReWS, Tom a. lanGen and RichaRd P. J. h. STRuiJk 21 Wildlife crossing structures: An effective strategy to restore or maintain wildlife connectivity across 33 Flight doesn’t solve everything: Mitigation of road roads, 172 impacts on birds, 281 daniel J. SmiTh, Rodney van deR Ree and anGela kociolek, claRa GRilo and caRme RoSell SandRa JacobSon 22 Recreational co‐use of wildlife crossing structures, 184 34 Bats and roads, 290 Rodney van deR Ree and iSobel m. abboTT, anna beRThinuSSen, edGaR a. van deR GRiFT emma STone, maRTiJn boonman, maRkuS melbeR and John alTRinGham 23 Predator-prey interactions at wildlife crossing structures: Between myth and reality, 190 35 Carnivores: Struggling for survival in roaded cRiSTina maTa, RobeRTa bencini, landscapes, 300 bRian k. chambeRS and Juan e. malo claRa GRilo, daniel J. SmiTh and nina klaR Contents vii 36 Case study: Roads and jaguars in the Mayan 47 Roads in the arid lands: Issues, challenges and forests, 313 potential solutions, 382 euGenia PallaReS, caRloS manTeRola, enhua lee, david b. cRoFT and dalia a. conde and FeRnando colcheRo TamaR achiRon‐FRumkin 37 Case study: Finding the middle road – grounded 48 Road ecology in an urbanising world, 391 approaches to mitigate highway impacts in tiger daRRyl JoneS, hanS bekkeR and reserves, 317 Rodney van deR Ree SanJay Gubbi and h.c. PooRneSha 49 Tropical ecosystem vulnerability and climatic 38 Case study: African wild dogs and the conditions: Particular challenges for road fragmentation menace, 322 planning, construction and maintenance, 397 bRendan WhiTTinGTon‐JoneS and miRiam GooSem haRRieT davieS‐moSTeRT 50 The influence of economics, politics 39 Roads, traffic and verges: Big problems and big and environment on road ecology in opportunities for small mammals, 325 South America, 407 FeRnando aScenSão, ScoTT laPoinT and alex baGeR, caRloS e. boRGhi and Rodney van deR Ree helio Secco 40 Reducing road impacts on tree‐dwelling 51 Highway construction as a force in the animals, 334 destruction of the Amazon forest, 414 kylie SoaneS and Rodney van deR Ree PhiliP m. FeaRnSide 41 Case study: Canopy bridges for primate 52 Road ecology in South India: Issues and mitigation conservation, 341 opportunities, 425 andRea donaldSon and Pamela k. S. SeShadRi and T. GaneSh cunneyWoRTh 53 Planning roads through sensitive Asian 42 Transportation and large herbivores, 344 landscapes: Regulatory issues, ecological PaTRicia cRameR, maTTiaS olSSon, implications and challenges michelle e. Gadd, Rodney van deR Ree for decision‐making, 430 and leonaRd e. Sielecki aSha RaJvanShi and vinod b. maThuR 43 Case study: The Mount Kenya elephant corridor and underpass, 353 54 Setjhaba SA, South Afrika: A South African SuSie WeekS perspective of an emerging transport infrastructure, 439 44 Form and function: A more natural approach to Wendy collinSon, dan PaRkeR, claiRe infrastructure, fish and stream habitats, 357 PaTTeRSon‐abRolaT, GRaham alexandeR Paul J. WaGneR and haRRieT davieS‐moSTeRT 45 Solutions to the impacts of roads and other 55 Unfenced reserves, unparalleled biodiversity and barriers on fish and fish habitat, 364 a rapidly changing landscape: Roadways and FabRice oTTbuRG and maTT blank wildlife in East Africa, 448 clinTon W. ePPS, kaTaRZyna noWak, and 46 The function and management of roadside beneZeTh muTayoba vegetation, 373 SuZanne J. milTon, W. RichaRd J. dean, 56 Expected effects of a road across the leonaRd e. Sielecki and Rodney Serengeti, 455 van deR Ree michelle e. Gadd viii Contents 57 China: Building and managing a massive road 61 Case study: Building a community of practice and rail network and protecting our rich for road ecology, 488 biodiversity, 465 Paul J. WaGneR and andReaS SeileR yun WanG, yaPinG konG and JidinG chen 62 Wildlife/roadkill observation and reporting 58 Railways, roads and fences across Kazakhstan systems, 492 and Mongolia threaten the survival of FRaSeR ShillinG, SaRah e. PeRkinS and wide‐ranging wildlife, 472 Wendy collinSon kiRk a. olSon and Rodney van deR Ree Glossary, 502 59 Best‐practice guidelines and manuals, 479 maRGueRiTe TRocmÉ Species, 509 60 Case study: The role of non‐governmental Index, 513 organisations (NGOs) and advocates in reducing the impacts of roads on wildlife, 485 PaTRicia WhiTe
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