Handbook of RF and Wireless Technologies

540 Pages·2003·10.575 MB·English

by  Farid Dowla

H RF
ANDBOOK OF AND
W T
IRELESS ECHNOLOGIES

H
ANDBOOK OF
RF W
AND IRELESS
T
ECHNOLOGIES
F D
ARID OWLA
Editor-in-Chief
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON (cid:127) HEIDELBERG (cid:127) LONDON
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Dowla,FaridU.
HandbookofRFandwirelesstechnologies/FaridDowla.
p.cm.
ISBN0-7506-7695-7
1.Wirelesscommunicationsystems—Handbooks,manuals,etc.2.Radiofrequency.I.Title.
TK5103.2.D6752003
621.382—dc21
2003044206
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ISBN:0-7506-76957
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C
ONTENTS
About the Editor-in-Chief xiv
List of Contributors xv
Preface xx
CHAPTER 1 A Survey of RF and Wireless Technology 1
JOHNT.MORING
AShortHistoryofWirelessCommunication 2
WhereWeAre 4
FixedLocationSystems 7
LocalAreaSystems 9
WideAreaSystems 11
Applications 13
WhereWeAreGoing 14
Conclusion 22
CHAPTER 2 Next Generation Wireless Networks:
An Evolution of Architectures and
Technologies 23
JANISEY.MCNAIR
Why“Next”Generation? 24
FirstGenerationWirelessNetworks:
WirelessAccess 24
SecondGenerationWirelessNetworks:
MobileAccess 26
MobilityManagement 28
TheSecondHalfofSecondGenerationWireless
Networks 31
vi
HandbookofRFandWirelessTechnologies
ThirdGenerationWirelessNetworks:
WirelessandMobileAccessto
High-BandwidthServices 33
RadioSpectrum 34
HeterogeneousNetworkEnvironment 36
FourthGenerationWirelessNetworksand
Beyond:UniversalAccessina
Multi-NetworkEnvironment 44
SeamlessGlobalRoaming 44
Internet-BasedMobility 49
Conclusion 55
References 56
CHAPTER 3 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 59
ASISNASIPURI
PhysicalLayerandMAC 62
IEEE802.11 65
AdditionalIssuesonMAC 72
RoutinginAdHocNetworks 79
ProactiveRoutingProtocols 83
ReactiveRoutingProtocols 85
HybridRoutingProtocols 88
OtherConceptsinAdHocRouting 90
Conclusion 94
References 95
CHAPTER 4 Direct-Sequence and
Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum 101
EARLMCCUNE
Direct-SequenceSpreadSpectrum 103
SpreadingandDespreading 103
ProcessingGain 104
JammingMargin 105
InterferenceRejection 106
SpreadingCodeGeneration 107
Synchronization 108
vii
Contents
Near-FarInterference 111
Out-of-BandSignalSusceptibility 111
RFSNR 112
DespreaderPlacement 114
RangeResolution/Multipath(RAKE) 115
DSSSSystemExamples 115
FrequencyHopping 120
SpreadingandDespreading 120
FastorSlowHopping 121
ProcessingGain 121
JammingMargin 121
InterferenceRejection 122
SpreadingCodeGeneration 123
Synchronization 124
Near-FarInterference 125
Out-of-BandSignalSusceptibility 126
RFSNR 126
DespreaderPlacement 126
FHSSSystemExample 128
Conclusion 129
References 131
CHAPTER 5 Software-Defined Radio 133
BRADBRANNON
WhatIsSoftware-DefinedRadio? 133
AspectsofSoftware-DefinedRadio 134
Multiband 135
Multi-Carrier 135
Multimode 135
HistoryandEvolutionofSoftware-DefinedRadio 136
ApplicationsandNeedforSDR 139
Interoperability 139
Interception 140
ManufacturingPlatform 141
Architectures 142
Receiver 143
Transmit 150
viii
HandbookofRFandWirelessTechnologies
ImplementationIssues 152
AnalogFrontEnd 153
DataConversion 161
DigitalProcessing 165
Case Study: A Close Look at a CDMA2000 and
UMTSSDRReceiver 170
Conclusion 177
References 178
CHAPTER 6 RF Power Amplifiers 181
MICHAELLEFEVRE,LEONARDPELLETIER,AND
DAVIDRUNTON
PowerAmplifierClassofOperation 182
Class-AOperation 182
Class-BOperation 184
Class-ABOperation 185
Class-COperation 187
UsesofAmplifierClasses 188
IntroductiontoIMDDistortion 189
Class-APerformance 190
Class-ABiasCircuit 192
Class-ALimitations 194
Class-BPerformance 197
Class-ABPerformance 197
Class-ABBiasCircuit 200
Class-CPerformance 201
ApplicationsofDifferentAmplifierClasses 202
Conclusion 203
References 204
CHAPTER 7 Linear Amplification with Nonlinear
Components 205
TOMHORNAK
ThePrincipleofLINC 207
GeneratingtheParentSignals 208
FindingPhaseAngleα 209
ix
Contents
FindingtheParents’CommonMode
AmplitudeSc 212
FindingtheParents’DifferentialMode
AmplitudeS 214
d
AnalysisandCompensationofSignal
ProcessingErrors 218
Discrete-Time,Closed-Loop
CompensationofSignal-ProcessingErrors 219
Continuous-Time,Closed-Loop
CompensationofSignal-ProcessingErrors 223
GeneralCommentstoLINCAmplifiers 229
TheCombiner 229
UsingaMatchedHybridasaCombiner 230
LosslessCombiners 231
References 237
CHAPTER8 Phase-LockedLoopTechniquesinModern
Communications Systems 241
MOHAMMEDISMAIL,HONGJOAHN,AND
ADEMAKTASA
Phase-LockedLoopTechniquesfor
FrequencySynthesizers 241
Charge-PumpPLL(CPLLorDPLL) 249
Sub-blocksinPLL 255
PhaseDetector,PhaseFrequency
Detector/Charge-Pump 255
Charge-Pumps 259
TheVoltageControlledOscillator(VCO) 262
TheLC-tankVCO 262
PhaseNoise 264
RingOscillators 282
FrequencyDivider 289
Application:AFullyIntegratedDual-Mode
FrequencySynthesizerforGSMand
WCDMAStandards 302
References 306