Amy L. Reschly Sandra L. Christenson Editors Handbook of Research on Student Engagement Second Edition Handbook of Research on Student Engagement Amy L. Reschly • Sandra L. Christenson Editors Handbook of Research on Student Engagement Second Edition Editors Amy L. Reschly Sandra L. Christenson University of Georgia University of Minnesota Athens, GA, USA Minneapolis, MN, USA ISBN 978-3-031-07852-1 ISBN 978-3-031-07853-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07853-8 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents Part I Defining Student Engagement: Models and Related Constructs Jingle-Jangle Revisited: History and Further Evolution of the Student Engagement Construct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Amy L. Reschly and Sandra L. Christenson Unlocking the Positive Synergy Between Engagement and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Ellen A. Skinner and Kristen E. Raine Situated Expectancy-Value Theory, Dimensions of Engagement, and Academic Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Jessica R. Gladstone, Allan Wigfield, and Jacquelynne S. Eccles Study Demands-Resources Model of Student Engagement and Burnout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Katariina Salmela-Aro, Xin Tang, and Katja Upadyaya Agentic Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Johnmarshall Reeve and Hyungshim Jang Academic Emotions and Student Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Reinhard Pekrun and Lisa Linnenbrink-Garcia School Belonging and Student Engagement: The Critical Overlaps, Similarities, and Implications for Student Outcomes . . . . 133 Kelly-Ann Allen and Christopher Boyle Self-Efficacy and Engaged Learners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Dale H. Schunk and Maria K. DiBenedetto Using Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) Assessment Data to Promote Regulatory Engagement in Learning and Performance Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Timothy J. Cleary and Angela M. Lui Hope and Student Engagement: Keys to School Success . . . . . . . . . . 195 Elyse M. Farnsworth, Maddie Cordle, and Ariana Groen v vi Contents Part II Student Engagement: Positive Development and Outcomes Relationships Between Student Engagement and Mental Health as Conceptualized from a Dual- Factor Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Shannon M. Suldo and Janise Parker Resilience and Student Engagement: Promotive and Protective Processes in Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Ann S. Masten, Kayla M. Nelson, and Sarah Gillespie Developmental Relationships and Student Academic Motivation: Current Research and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Peter C. Scales, Kent Pekel, and Benjamin J. Houltberg Early Childhood Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Stacey Neuharth-Pritchett and Kristen L. Bub Using Positive Student Engagement to Create Opportunities for Students with Troubling and High-Risk Behaviors . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Amy Jane Griffiths, Rachel Wiegand, and Christopher Tran Student Engagement and School Dropout: Theories, Evidence, and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Isabelle Archambault, Michel Janosz, Elizabeth Olivier, and Véronique Dupéré Exploring the Character of Student Persistence in Higher Education: The Impact of Perception, Motivation, and Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Vincent Tinto Part III Contexts for Engagement Expanding an Equity Understanding of Student Engagement: The Macro (Social) and Micro (School) Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Claudia L. Galindo, Tara M. Brown, and Justine H. Lee Parental Influences on Achievement Motivation and Student Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Janine Bempechat, David J. Shernoff, Shira Wolff, and Hannah J. Puttre Teacher–Student Relationships, Engagement in School, and Student Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Tara L. Hofkens and Robert C. Pianta The Role of Peer Relationships on Academic and Extracurricular Engagement in School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 Casey A. Knifsend, Guadalupe Espinoza, and Jaana Juvonen Instruction and Student Engagement: Implications for Academic Engaged Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Matthew K. Burns, Mallory A. Stevens, and James Ysseldyke Contents vii The Role of Academic Engagement in Students’ Educational Development: Insights from Load Reduction Instruction and the 4M Academic Engagement Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 Andrew J. Martin Achievement Goal Theory and Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 Eric M. Anderman, Helen Patrick, and Seung Yon Ha Student Engagement: The Importance of the Classroom Context . . . 529 Wendy M. Reinke, Keith C. Herman, and Christa B. Copeland Student Engagement and Learning Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 Howard Adelman and Linda Taylor Engaging High School Students in Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 Marcia H. Davis, Crystal L. Spring, and Robert W. Balfanz The Role of Policy in Supporting Student Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . 587 Cathy Wylie Part IV Measurement The Measurement of Student Engagement: Methodological Advances and Comparison of New Self-report Instruments . . . . . . . 597 Jennifer A. Fredricks Measuring Student Engagement with Observational Techniques . . . 617 Jennifer A. Fredricks Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Considerations in Understanding Student Engagement in Schools: Promoting the Development of Diverse Students Around the World . . . . . . . . . . 629 Shane R. Jimerson and Chun Chen Measuring Student Engagement: New Approaches and Issues . . . . . 647 Joe Betts Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659 Amy L. Reschly and Sandra L. Christenson Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 About the Authors Howard Adelman, PhD, is Professor of Psychology and co-director of the national Center for MH in Schools & Student/Learning Supports at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA, which operates under the aus- pices of the School Mental Health Project). He began his professional career as a remedial classroom teacher in 1960. In 1973, he returned to UCLA in the role of Professor of Psychology and also was the director of the Fernald School and Laboratory until 1986. Adelman and Linda Taylor have worked together for over 40 years with a constant focus on improving how schools and communities address barriers to learning and teaching, re-engage discon- nected students, and promote healthy development. Over the years, they have led major projects focused on dropout prevention, enhancing the mental health facets of school-based health centers, and developing comprehensive, school-based approaches for students with learning, behavior, and emotional problems. Their work has involved them in schools and communities across the country. Their present focus is on policies, practices, and large-scale sys- temic transformation. This work includes facilitating the National Initiative for Transforming Student and Learning Supports. Kelly-Ann Allen, PhD FAPS, is an educational and developmental psychol- ogist, a senior lecturer at the Faculty of Education, Monash University, and an honorary senior fellow at the Centre for Wellbeing Science, University of Melbourne. She is also the co-director and founder of the Global Belonging Collaborative, which represents a consortium of belonging researchers and advocates from around the world. Dr. Allen is the Editor-in- Chief of The Educational and Developmental Psychologist and both the present and founding Co-Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Belonging and Human Connection. She holds the esteemed grade of Fellow for both the Australian Psychological Society and the College of Educational and Developmental Psychologists. Eric M. Anderman is Professor of Educational Psychology and of Quantitative Research, Evaluation, and Measurement in the College of Education and Human Ecology, Ohio State University. He received his PhD in Educational Psychology from the University of Michigan, and he also holds a Master’s degree from Harvard University. Before attending graduate school, he worked as a middle school and high school teacher. His research over the past 25 years has focused on academic motivation, focusing in par- ix x About the Authors ticular on the relations between motivation and (a) academic integrity and (b) adolescent risk-taking behavior. His research has been funded by the National Institutes of Health, the Institute of Education Sciences, and the Department of Health & Human Services Office of Population Affairs. He is a fellow of both the American Psychological Association and the American Educational Research Association. He is the editor of the journal Theory into Practice, and he co-edited the 3rd edition of the Handbook of Educational Psychology, and the Visible Learning Guide to Student Achievement with John Hattie. He is the co-author of three text books, as well as over 100 peer-reviewed articles and invited chapters. His research has been featured in numerous media out- lets, including CBS News, NBC News (Dateline NBC), CNN, NPR, The Huffington Post, The Wall Street Journal, New York magazine, and numerous other outlets. Isabelle Archambault holds the Canada Research Chair on school, youth well-being, and educational success, and is co-holder of the Myriagone McConnell-UdM (Université de Montréal) Chair in youth knowledge mobi- lization. Her work focuses on the differential effects of school or its practices on the engagement, well-b eing, and educational success of youth from vul- nerable populations. Robert W. Balfanz is a research professor at Johns Hopkins University School of Education, the director of the Everyone Graduates Center, and a co-director of the Center for Social Organization of Schools. He publishes and leads technical assistance efforts on secondary school reform, early warning systems, chronic absenteeism, social-e motional learning, and instructional improvements in high-poverty schools, and focuses on translat- ing research findings into effective school improvement strategies and interventions. Janine Bempechat is a clinical professor at Boston University Wheelock College of Education & Human Development. She is a developmental psy- chologist with a deep interest in the socialization of achievement. She studies family, cultural, and school influences in the development of student motiva- tion and academic achievement in low- income children and youth, both nationally and cross-nationally. A former National Academic of Education Spencer Fellow, her research has been supported by the Spencer Foundation and the William T. Grant Foundation. Joe Betts, PhD, EdS, MMIS, is the Director of Measurement and Testing at the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN). Dr. Betts has been involved in the fields of psychology and measurement for over two decades. He has a unique view of testing and measurement as a user of psy- chological and educational assessments, and the test development side with respect to educational, psychological, and clinical assessments, and new product R&D. Additionally, he has worked in a managerial and directorial role for over a decade leading operational and research teams with HMH, Riverside Assessments, Pearson, and NCSBN. In addition, he has had his About the Authors xi research published in a number of diverse areas along with over 100 profes- sional presentations. He has contributed over a decade to service on profes- sional journals as an associate editorial board member, editorial advisory board member, and editorial board member for a number of professional pub- lications. In addition to working in the area of engagement, his research focuses on advanced polytomous models for computerized adaptive testing and the measurement of clinical judgment in entry-level nursing. Christopher Boyle, BSc (Hons), MSc, BA, PGCE, MSc EdPsych, PhD, is Professor of Inclusive Education and Educational Psychology at the University of Adelaide, Australia. He is a fellow of the British Psychological Society and a senior fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Chris was previously Editor-in-Chief of The Educational and Developmental Psychologist (2012–2017) and is the co-inaugural founding editor of Belonging and Human Connection (with Kelly-Ann Allen) launched in 2022. He recently co-edited Research for Sustainable Quality Education: Inclusion, Belonging, and Equity (2022, Springer Nature). Tara M. Brown is Associate Professor in the Urban Education specializa- tion at the University of Maryland, College Park. Tara’s research focuses on how disciplinary exclusion, high school non- completion, and involvement with the criminal legal system impact the experiences of Black and Latinx adolescents and young adults in low-income, urban communities. She spe- cializes in qualitative, community-based, and participatory action research (PAR) methodologies. Kristen L. Bub is a professor and coordinator of the Applied Cognition and Development program in the Department of Educational Psychology, University of Georgia. Her research interests include social-emotional devel- opment, early education, and research methods. Her research lies at the inter- section of development and learning and aims to understand the processes by which young children’s cognitive and behavioral regulation skills develop. Her work also centers on evaluating the impact of these skills on subsequent learning outcomes among understudied and at-risk populations of children to develop prevention/intervention programs and to inform policy for young children. Matthew K. Burns is the College of Education Herbert H. Schooling Professor and Professor of Special Education at the University of Missouri. He is also the director of the Center for Collaborative Solutions for Kids, Practice, and Policy, and interim co-director of the Missouri Partnership for Educational Renewal. Dr. Burns’s research interests include the use of assess- ment data to determine individual or small-group interventions, response to intervention, academic interventions, and facilitating problem-solving teams. He received the 2020 Senior Scientist Award from Division 16 (School Psychology) of the American Psychological Association.