Handbook of Posttraumatic Stress: Psychosocial, Cultural, and Biological Perspectives

521 Pages·2021·58.556 MB·English

by  Rosemary Ricciardelli (editor), Stephen Bornstein (editor), Alan Hall (editor), R. Nicholas Carleton (editor)

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Handbook of Posttraumatic Stress
The Handbook of Posttraumatic Stress provides a comprehensive review of post-
traumatic stress in its multiple dimensions, analyzing causation and epidemiology
through prevention and treatment.
Written by a diverse group of scholars, practitioners, and advocates, the chapters
in this book seek to understand the history, the politics, and the biological, psy-
chological, and social processes underlying posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Featuring studies that focus on some of the most seriously affected occupational
groups, the text examines topics such as how individuals experience PTSD in
different work settings and the complexities of diagnosis, treatment, and recovery
for those workers and their families. Together, the contributions provide an in-d epth
examination of the currently understood causes, impacts and treatments of and for
posttraumatic stress, mobilizing academic, administrative, and clinical knowledge,
and lived experience to inform ongoing and future work in the field.
Drawing from a range of different topics, fields of study, and research methods,
this text will appeal to readers across medical, mental health, and academic
disciplines.
Rosemary Ricciardelli, PhD, is professor of sociology and criminology at Memorial
University Newfoundland, Canada. Elected to the Royal Society of Canada, her
research centres on evolving understandings of gender, vulnerabilities, risk, and ex-
periences and issues within different facets of the criminal justice system.
Stephen Bornstein, PhD, is a political scientist and is the director of the
Newfoundland and Labrador Centre for Applied Health Research at Memorial
University Newfoundland, Canada. He has served as the co- director of the
SafetyNet Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Research at Memorial and
as assistant deputy minister of Intergovernmental Affairs in the government of the
province of Ontario, Canada.
Alan Hall, PhD, retired from his full-t ime position in the sociology department at
Memorial University Newfoundland, Canada in 2019. He now has an honorary
research professorship at Memorial and is currently involved in research on the role
of worker participation in workplace COVID- 19 safety plans.
R. Nicholas Carleton, PhD, is a professor of psychology and scientific director
for the Canadian Institute for Public Safety Research and Treatment. He is well
published with several prestigious awards and substantial research funding.
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iii
Handbook of
Posttraumatic Stress
Psychosocial, Cultural, and Biological
Perspectives
Edited by
Rosemary Ricciardelli,
Stephen Bornstein, Alan Hall,
and R. Nicholas Carleton
iv
First published 2022
by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
and by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2022 selection and editorial matter, Rosemary Ricciardelli, Stephen Bornstein,
Alan Hall, and R. Nicholas Carleton; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Rosemary Ricciardelli, Stephen Bornstein, Alan Hall, and
R. Nicholas Carleton to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and
of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with
sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,
and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data
Names: Ricciardelli, Rose, 1979– editor.
Title: Handbook of posttraumatic stress: psychosocial, cultural, and
biological perspectives / edited by Rosemary Ricciardelli [and three others].
Description: New York, NY: Routledge, 2022. |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2021011520 (print) | LCCN 2021011521 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780815375722 (hardback) | ISBN 9780815375777 (paperback) |
ISBN 9780815375777 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Post- traumatic stress disorder. |
Post- traumatic stress disorder– Treatment.
Classification: LCC RC552.P67 .H348 2022 (print) |
LCC RC552.P67 (ebook) DDC 616.85/ 21– dc23
LC record available at https:// lccn.loc.gov/ 2021011520
LC ebook record available at https:// lccn.loc.gov/ 2021011521
ISBN: 978- 0- 8153- 7572- 2 (hbk)
ISBN: 978- 0- 8153- 7577- 7 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-3511-3463-7 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/ 9781351134637
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Newgen Publishing UK
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Contents
List of Illustrations viii
List of Contributors x
Acknowledgements xvi
Introduction 1
ROSEMARY RICCIARDELLI, STEPHEN BORNSTEIN, ALAN HALL,
AND R. NICHOLAS CARLETON
PART 1
Foundational 13
1 Changes in Our Understanding of Trauma and the
Human Psyche as a Consequence of War: A Brief History 15
SAMANTHA C. HORSWILL AND R. NICHOLAS CARLETON
2 A Systematic Review of the Prevalence of
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reported in
Canadian Studies 38
MURRAY WEEKS, SU- BIN PARK, SAMANTHA GHANEM,
SIEARA PLEBON- HUFF, ANNE- MARIE ROBERT, HARRY MACKAY,
AND ALLANA G. LEBLANC
3 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Limits of
Presumptive Legislation 109
THERESA SZYMANSKI AND ALAN HALL
4 Recognizing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in
Primary Care 131
JAMES M. THOMPSON, ALEXANDRA HEBER, JON DAVINE,
RYAN MURRAY, AND DONALD R. MCCREARY
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vi Contents
5 The Epidemiology of PTSD in Canada 157
DANIEL MARRELLO, BETH PATTERSON, JASMINE TURNA,
JASMINE ZHANG, AND MICHAEL VAN AMERINGEN
PART 2
Perspectives and Populations 175
6 Psychology of Men and Masculinities: Implications for
Men’s Experiences of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 177
DONALD R. MCCREARY
7 Implications of PTSD for Military Veteran Families 198
HEIDI CRAMM, DEBORAH NORRIS, CHLOÉ HOULTON,
MOLLY FLINDALL- HANNA, AND LINNA TAM- SETO
8 Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Workers within
the Homeless Serving Sector: The Impact of
Organizational Factors 221
JEANNETTE WAEGEMAKERS SCHIFF AND ANNETTE M. LANE
9 Emotional Labour, Police, and the Investigation of Sex
Crimes Perpetrated Against Children: Posttraumatic
Stress and the Toll of Dirty Work 247
DALE SPENCER, ALEXA DODGE, ROSEMARY RICCIARDELLI,
AND DALE BALLUCCI
10 Firefighters and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder:
A Scoping Review 264
HEIDI CRAMM, LINNA TAM- SETO, ALYSON MAHAR,
LUCIA RÜHLAND, AND R. NICHOLAS CARLETON
11 Correctional Officers: Experiences of Potentially
Psychologically Traumatic Events and Mental Health
Injuries 296
ROSEMARY RICCIARDELLI, NICOLE GERARDA POWER, AND
DANIELLA SIMAS MEDEIROS
12 Posttraumatic Growth among Prisoners: Findings,
Controversies, and Implications 318
ESTHER F. J. C. VAN GINNEKEN AND SIEBRECHT VANHOOREN
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Contents vii
PART 3
Biology, Understanding, and Treatment 341
13 The Use, Validity, and Translational Utility of Animal
Models of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 343
ERIC D. EISENMANN, CHELSEA E. CADLE,
AND PHILLIP R. ZOLADZ
14 Developing a Reliable Animal Model of PTSD in
Order to Test Potential Pharmacological Treatments:
Predator Stress and the Mechanistic Target of
Rapamycin 373
PHILLIP MACCALLUM, JESSE WHITEMAN, THERESE KENNY,
KATELYN FALLON, SRIYA BHATTACHARYA, JAMES DROVER,
AND JACQUELINE BLUNDELL
15 Severing the Trauma— PTSD Connection with Public
Safety Personnel: The Role of Personal Social Support
Networks 403
GRACE B. EWLES, PETER A. HAUSDORF, TERRY A. BEEHR,
AND M. GLORIA GONZÁLEZ- MORALES
16 Group Cognitive Processing Therapy for PTSD:
Preliminary Outcomes, Group Cohesion, Therapeutic
Alliance, and Participant Satisfaction in Current
and Former Members of the Canadian Military and
Federal Police Force 429
SARAH J. CHAULK AND DAVID J. PODNAR
17 Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in
PTSD: Neurobiology and its Applications in Other
Mental Disorders 457
CRISTINA TRENTINI, SARA CARLETTO, AND MARCO PAGANI
Conclusion: Towards a Better Future 482
ALAN HALL, ROSEMARY RICCIARDELLI, STEPHEN BORNSTEIN,
AND R. NICHOLAS CARLETON
Index 490
viii
Illustrations
Figures
2.1 PRISMA flow diagram of included studies on the
prevalence of PTSD in Canada 42
2.2 Descriptive analyses of the prevalence (%) of PTSD
for: (a) lifetime prevalence; (b) current prevalence—
clinical diagnosis; (c) current prevalence—self-reported,
occupation-related; and (d) current prevalence—self-
reported, non-occupation-related 44
10.1 Prisma chart 267
14.1 mTOR activation in control and stressed groups
across subregions of the hippocampus in each
hemisphere. C. mTOR activation by subregion of the
periaqueductal grey 384
14.2 mTOR activation in control and stressed groups
across subregions of the hippocampus in each
hemisphere. C. mTOR activation by subregion of the
periaqueductal grey 385
14.3 mTOR activation by subregion of the periaqueductal grey 385
14.4 Exposure freezing for control and stressed animals during
the rat- exposure test 388
14.5 Re- exposure freezing for control and stressed animals
following the rat- exposure test 388
14.6 Time spent on open arms of elevated plus maze for
control and stressed animals following the rat- exposure test 389
14.7 Number of entries into light side of light–dark box for
control and stressed animals following the rat- exposure test 389
14.8 Freezing for the four Experiment 2B groups during
re- exposure to the rat- exposure test context 390
14.9 Ratio time (time in open arms/ time in all arms) in the
elevated plus maze for the four groups in Experiment 2B 390
16.1 Participant mean ratings on the group climate
questionnaire on the subscales of engaged, conflict, and
avoiding at pre- , mid- , and post- treatment 443
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List of Illustrations ix
16.2 Participant mean scores on Therapeutic Alliance subscale
of the Alert Signal Client questionnaire at pre- , mid- , and
post- treatment 444
16.3 Participant mean ratings on the Session Rating Scale
by session 445
Tables
2.1 Summary of all included studies 47
2.A1 Database search strategies used in the current
systematic review 63
2.A2 Lifetime prevalence: Details of included clinical diagnosis
and self-report studies 65
2.A3 Current prevalence: Details of included clinical diagnosis
and self-report studies 73
2.A4 Modified Newcastle– Ottawa Quality Assessment 105
4.A1 Some of the many faces of adult PTSD. These fictitious
cases demonstrate principles of trauma- informed
primary care 151
6.1 General overview of reviewed masculinity constructs 179
7.1 Complete list of search terms across databases— PTSD
and Secondary Trauma 200
8.1 Participant demographics 227
8.2 Regression analysis of burnout, secondary traumatic
stress, and trauma symptoms 230
8.3 Correlational analysis of organizational factors 231
15.1 Social support dimensions summary 419
16.1 Demographic variables 439
16.2 Data collection schedule 440
16.3 Means and standard deviations for the primary symptom
variables (PCL- 5, PHQ- 9, GAD- 7, and OQ- 45) at pre- ,
post-, and three- month follow- up 442
17.1 Overview of EMDR treatment 459
Boxes
4.1 PC- PTSD (Primary Care PTSD) screening tool, DSM- 5
version (National Center for PTSD) 138
4.2 A knowledge transfer tool summarizing principles of
recognizing PTSD in primary care 143
10.1 Search terms for each database 266