Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology

997 Pages·2002·8.54 MB·English

Handbook of Plant and
Crop Physiology
Second Edition
Revised and Expanded
edited by
Mohammad Pessarakli
The University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York Basel
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BOOKSINSOILS,PLANTS,ANDTHEENVIRONMENT
EditorialBoard
AgriculturalEngineering RobertM.Peart,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville
AnimalScience HaroldHafs,RutgersUniversity,NewBrunswick,NewJersey
Crops MohammadPessarakli,UniversityofArizona,Tucson
IrrigationandHydrology DonaldR.Nielsen,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis
Microbiology JanDirkvanElsas,ResearchInstituteforPlantProtection,
Wageningen,TheNetherlands
Plants L.DavidKuykendall,U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,Belts-
ville,Maryland
KennethB.Marcum,TexasA&MUniversity,ElPaso,Texas
Soils Jean-MarcBollag,PennsylvaniaStateUniversity,University
Park,Pennsylvania
TsuyoshiMiyazaki,UniversityofTokyo
SoilBiochemistry,Volume1,editedbyA.D.McLarenandG.H.Peterson
SoilBiochemistry,Volume2,editedbyA.D.McLarenandJ.Skujiòð
SoilBiochemistry,Volume3,editedbyE.A.PaulandA.D.McLaren
SoilBiochemistry,Volume4,editedbyE.A.PaulandA.D.McLaren
SoilBiochemistry,Volume5,editedbyE.A.PaulandJ.N.Ladd
SoilBiochemistry,Volume6,editedbyJean-MarcBollagandG.Stotzky
SoilBiochemistry,Volume7,editedbyG.StotzkyandJean-MarcBollag
SoilBiochemistry,Volume8,editedbyJean-MarcBollagandG.Stotzky
SoilBiochemistry,Volume9,editedbyG.StotzkyandJean-MarcBollag
Organic Chemicals in the Soil Environment, Volumes 1 and 2, edited by C. A. I.
GoringandJ.W.Hamaker
HumicSubstancesintheEnvironment,M.SchnitzerandS.U.Khan
MicrobialLifeintheSoil:AnIntroduction,T.Hattori
PrinciplesofSoilChemistry,KimH.Tan
Soil Analysis: Instrumental Techniques and Related Procedures, edited by Keith A.
Smith
Soil Reclamation Processes: Microbiological Analyses and Applications, edited by
RobertL.TateIIIandDonaldA.Klein
SymbioticNitrogenFixationTechnology,editedbyGeraldH.Elkan
Soil–Water Interactions: Mechanisms and Applications, Shingo Iwata and Toshio
TabuchiwithBennoP.Warkentin
Soil Analysis: Modern Instrumental Techniques, Second Edition, edited by Keith A.
Smith
SoilAnalysis: PhysicalMethods,editedbyKeithA.SmithandChrisE.Mullins
GrowthandMineralNutritionofFieldCrops,N.K.Fageria,V.C.Baligar,andCharles
AllanJones
SemiaridLandsandDeserts: SoilResourceandReclamation,editedbyJ.Skujiòð
PlantRoots:TheHiddenHalf,editedbyYoavWaisel,AmramEshel,andUziKafkafi
PlantBiochemicalRegulators,editedbyHaroldW.Gausman
MaximizingCropYields,N.K.Fageria
TransgenicPlants:FundamentalsandApplications,editedbyAndrewHiatt
Soil Microbial Ecology: Applications in Agricultural and Environmental Management,
editedbyF.BlaineMetting,Jr.
PrinciplesofSoilChemistry:SecondEdition,KimH.Tan
WaterFlowinSoils,editedbyTsuyoshiMiyazaki
HandbookofPlantandCropStress,editedbyMohammadPessarakli
GeneticImprovementofFieldCrops,editedbyGustavoA.Slafer
AgriculturalFieldExperiments:DesignandAnalysis,RogerG.Petersen
EnvironmentalSoilScience,KimH.Tan
Mechanisms of Plant Growth and Improved Productivity: Modern Approaches,edited
byAmarjitS.Basra
SeleniumintheEnvironment,editedbyW.T.Frankenberger,Jr.,andSallyBenson
Plant–EnvironmentInteractions,editedbyRobertE.Wilkinson
HandbookofPlantandCropPhysiology,editedbyMohammadPessarakli
Handbook of Phytoalexin Metabolism and Action, edited by M. Daniel and R. P.
Purkayastha
Soil–Water Interactions: Mechanisms and Applications,Second Edition,Revised and
Expanded,ShingoIwata,ToshioTabuchi,andBennoP.Warkentin
Stored-Grain Ecosystems, edited by Digvir S. Jayas, Noel D. G. White, and William
E.Muir
AgrochemicalsfromNaturalProducts,editedbyC.R.A.Godfrey
SeedDevelopmentandGermination,editedbyJaimeKigelandGadGalili
NitrogenFertilizationintheEnvironment,editedbyPeterEdwardBacon
Phytohormones in Soils: Microbial Production and Function, William T. Franken-
berger,Jr.,andMuhammadArshad
HandbookofWeedManagementSystems,editedbyAlbertE.Smith
SoilSampling,Preparation,andAnalysis,KimH.Tan
SoilErosion,Conservation,andRehabilitation,editedbyMenachemAgassi
Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by
YoavWaisel,AmramEshel,andUziKafkafi
Photoassimilate Distribution in Plants and Crops: Source–Sink Relationships, edited
byEliZamskiandArthurA.Schaffer
MassSpectrometryofSoils,editedbyThomasW.BouttonandShinichiYamasaki
HandbookofPhotosynthesis,editedbyMohammadPessarakli
Chemical and Isotopic Groundwater Hydrology: The Applied Approach, Second
Edition,RevisedandExpanded,EmanuelMazor
Fauna in Soil Ecosystems: Recycling Processes, Nutrient Fluxes, and Agricultural
Production,editedbyGeroBenckiser
SoilandPlantAnalysisinSustainableAgricultureandEnvironment,editedbyTeresa
HoodandJ.BentonJones,Jr.
Seeds Handbook: Biology, Production, Processing, and Storage: B. B. Desai, P. M.
Kotecha,andD.K.Salunkhe
Modern Soil Microbiology, edited by J. D. van Elsas, J. T. Trevors, and E. M. H.
Wellington
Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Field Crops: Second Edition, N. K. Fageria, V. C.
Baligar,andCharlesAllanJones
Fungal Pathogenesis in Plants and Crops: Molecular Biology and Host Defense
Mechanisms,P.Vidhyasekaran
PlantPathogenDetectionandDiseaseDiagnosis,P.Narayanasamy
Agricultural Systems Modeling and Simulation, edited by Robert M. Peart and R.
BruceCurry
AgriculturalBiotechnology,editedbyArieAltman
Plant–Microbe Interactions and Biological Control, edited by Greg J. Boland and L.
DavidKuykendall
Handbook of Soil Conditioners: Substances That Enhance the PhysicalProperties of
Soil,editedbyArthurWallaceandRichardE.Terry
Environmental Chemistry of Selenium, edited by William T. Frankenberger, Jr., and
RichardA.Engberg
PrinciplesofSoilChemistry:ThirdEdition,RevisedandExpanded,KimH.Tan
SulfurintheEnvironment,editedbyDouglasG.Maynard
Soil–Machine Interactions: A Finite Element Perspective, edited by Jie Shen and
RadheyLalKushwaha
Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food Safety, edited by Kaushal K. Sinha and Deepak
Bhatnagar
PlantAminoAcids:BiochemistryandBiotechnology,editedbyBijayK.Singh
HandbookofFunctionalPlantEcology,editedbyFranciscoI.PugnaireandFernando
Valladares
Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited
byMohammadPessarakli
Plant Responses to Environmental Stresses: From Phytohormones to Genome
Reorganization,editedbyH.R.Lerner
HandbookofPestManagement,editedbyJohnR.Ruberson
EnvironmentalSoilScience:SecondEdition,RevisedandExpanded,KimH.Tan
MicrobialEndophytes,editedbyCharlesW.BaconandJamesF.White,Jr.
Plant–EnvironmentInteractions:SecondEdition,editedbyRobertE.Wilkinson
MicrobialPestControl,SushilK.Khetan
Soil and Environmental Analysis: Physical Methods, Second Edition, Revised and
Expanded,editedbyKeithA.SmithandChrisE.Mullins
The Rhizosphere: Biochemistry and Organic Substances at the Soil–Plant Interface,
RobertoPinton,ZenoVaranini,andPaoloNannipieri
Woody Plants and Woody Plant Management: Ecology, Safety, and Environmental
Impact,RodneyW.Bovey
MetalsintheEnvironment,M.N.V.Prasad
Plant Pathogen Detection and Disease Diagnosis: Second Edition, Revised and Ex-
panded,P.Narayanasamy
Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiology: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,
editedbyMohammadPessarakli
EnvironmentalChemistryofArsenic,editedbyWilliamT.Frankenberger,Jr.
Enzymes in the Environment: Activity, Ecology, and Applications, edited by Richard
G.BurnsandRichardP.Dick
Plant Roots: The Hidden Half, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Yoav
Waisel,AmramEshel,andUziKafkafi
HandbookofPlantGrowth:pHastheMasterVariable,editedbyZdenkoRengel
Biological Control of Major Crop Plant Diseases, edited by Samuel S.
Gnanamanickam
PesticidesinAgricultureandtheEnvironment,editedbyWillisB.Wheeler
Mathematical Models of Crop Growth and Yield, Allen R. Overman and Richard
Scholtz
PlantBiotechnologyandTransgenicPlants,editedbyKirsi-MarjaOksman-Caldentey
andWolfgangBarz
Handbook of Postharvest Technology: Cereals, Fruits, Vegetables, Tea, and Spices,
edited by Amalendu Chakraverty, Arun S. Mujumdar, G. S. Vijaya Raghavan,
andHosahalliS.Ramaswamy
HandbookofSoilAcidity,editedbyZdenkoRengel
AdditionalVolumesinPreparation
Humic Matter: Issues and Controversies in Soil and Environmental Science, Kim H.
Tan
MolecularHostResistancetoPests,S.SadasivamandB.Thayumanavan
In the memory of my beloved parents, Fatima and Vahab,
who regretfully did not live to see this work,
which in no small part resulted from their gift of many years of love.

Preface
Like any other area in science, both the scope and depth of our knowledge of plant and crop physiology
are rapidly expanding. Plant/crop physiologists are continuously making new discoveries. This phe-
nomenon has resulted in the compilation of a large volume of information since the first edition of the
Handbook of Plant and Crop Physiologywas prepared and presented to scientists and professionals. The
abundance of new data has necessitated that this unique, comprehensive source of information be revised
to include all the new discoveries in the field. Like the first edition, the new edition of the Handbook of
Plant and Crop Physiology is a unique, comprehensive, and complete collection of the topics in
plant/crop physiology.
More than two-thirds of the material in the new edition is entirely new; these are included under new
titles. The other one-third has been updated and substantially modified. This new edition consists of 12
parts while the first edition consisted of eight. Overall, about 80% of this book is new and a totally new
volume has emerged.
TheHandbook of Plant and Crop Physiologyis needed to fill the gap in the available literature. In
addition, it has long been recognized that physiological processes control plant growth and crop yields.
Therefore, this handbook is prepared in a single volume to serve as a comprehensive resource and up-to-
date reference to effectively cover the information relevant to plant/crop physiology that is scattered
among plant/crop physiology books as well as plant physiology journals.
Several difficult decisions must be made when one plans to compile a handbook, such as the extent
of content to include, the information to exclude, the depth to which the topics should be covered, and the
organization of the selected content. I have chosen to include information that will be beneficial to stu-
dents, instructors, researchers, field specialists, and any others interested in the areas of plant and crop
physiology. In order to plan, implement, and evaluate comprehensive and specific strategies for dealing
with plant and crop physiology problems, strategies must be based on a firm understanding of the facts
and the principles.
The topics selected for discussion are those that I believe are relevant, and in which physiology plays
the dominant role. The concepts have been presented to allow both beginning students and specialists of
this discipline an opportunity to expand and refine their knowledge. Certain conclusions provided
v