Handbook of Perception and Action, Volume 1: Perception (HANDBOOK OF PERCEPTION AND ACTION)

473 Pages·1996·32.41 MB·English

by  Wolfgang Prinz

Handbook of Perception and Action
Volume 1: Perception
Handbook of Perception and Action
Volume 1: Perception
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Handbook of Perception and Action
Volume 1: Perception
Edited by
Wolfgang Prinz ~ and Bruce Bridgeman 2
1Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Germany
Max Planck Institute for Psychological Research, Munich, Germany
2Program in Experimental Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA
ACADEMIC PRESS
A Harcourt Science and Technology Company
San Diego San Francisco New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
This edition Copyright (cid:14)9 1995 by ACADEMIC PRESS
The German original is published under the title "Wahrnehmung"
as volume 1 of the "Enzyklopiidie for Psychologie".
Copyright (cid:14)9 1994 by Hogrefe-Verlag
Rohnsweg 25, 37085 G0ttingen, Germany
All Rights Reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any
information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publisher.
Academic Press
24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX, UK
http://www.hbuk.co.uk/ap/
Academic Press
A Harcourt Science and Technology Company
525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA
http://www.apnet.com
ISBN 0-12-516161-1
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Typeset by Doyle Graphics, Tullamore, Co. Offaly, Republic of Ireland
Printed in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd., Bodmin, Cornwall
99 00 01 02 03 MP 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Contents
List of Contributors X.lolol
Preface XV
Introduction
Wolfgang Prinz and Bruce Bridgeman
1 Diversity and unity
2 Theoretical attitudes
2.1 Experience/performance
2.2 Transformation/interaction
2.3 Processing/discovery
2.4 In-out/out-in
3 Organization of this volume
References
I Basic Processes and Mechanisms
Chapter 1: Temporal Resolution in Visual Perception 11
Adam Reeves
1 Introduction 11
2 Ideal detector: Area 12
2.1 Spatial information 12
2.2 Chromatic vision 13
2.3 Ricc6's area 14
3 Ideal detector: Quanta 15
3.1 Light intensity and critical duration 15
3.2 Photon noise and the absolute threshold 16
3.3 Photon noise and the increment threshold 16
3.3.1 Signal detection predictions 18
3.4 Dark adaptation and photon noise 19
3.5 Other detection studies 19
4 Temporal order 20
4.1 Two-flash experiments 20
4.1.1 Some caveats 21
4.2 Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) 21
5 Conclusions 22
References 22
vi Contents
Chapter 2: Perceptual Organization of Visual Patterns: The Segmentation
of Textures 25
Lothar Kehrer and Cristina Meinecke
1 Introduction 25
2 Theories of perceptual segmentation 26
2.1 The Gestalt movement 26
2.2 Statistical theory 30
2.3 Local segmentation theories 33
2.3.1 The common concept underlying local segmentation theories 35
2.3.2 Differences between local segmentation theories 37
2.3.3 Summary discussion of local segmentation theories 39
3 The encoding of images 42
3.1 Spatial frequency channels 42
3.1.1 Findings 42
3.1.2 The Fourier transform 43
3.1.3 Filter operations in the frequency domain 44
3.1.4 Functional value of global frequency decomposition 45
3.1.5 Local frequency decomposition 46
3.2 Representation and redundancy 47
3.2.1 Contour filters 47
3.2.2 Structure filters 49
3.3 The uncertainty relation 50
3.3.1 The Fourier transform and the uncertainty relation 51
4 A more recent model of texture segmentation 52
4.1 Gabor filters 52
4.2 Two-dimensional filters and segmentation 56
4.2.1 Contour filters and texture segmentation 56
4.2.2 Structure filters and texture segmentation 56
5 Synopsis: Gabor filters as a link between global and local segmentation
theories 60
5.1 Gabor filters and the statistical theory 60
5.2 Gabor filters and local segmentation theories 62
Acknowledgement 63
References 63
Chapter 3: Stereoscopic Depth Perception 71
Martin Eimer
1 Introduction 71
2 History 73
3 Stereoscopic depth perception as an information processing problem 77
4 Random-dot stereograms and the correspondence problem in binocular vision 81
5 Visual segmentation and stereoscopic vision: Grossberg's theory 90
6 Concluding remarks 98
References 99
Chapter 4: Neural Networks and Visual Information Processing 103
Werner X. Schneider
1 Introduction 103
2 Neural networks, illusory contours and Finkel and Edelman's (1989) model 104
2.1 Functional theory 106
2.2 Mechanistic theory 109
2.2.1 The computation of 'local orientations' 111
Col~tellts vii
2.2.2 The computation of 'occlusion cues' and 'occlusion contours' (illusory
contours) 113
3 Grossberg and Mingolla's (1985a) neural network 'FACADE' and illusory
contours 117
3.1 Functional theory 117
3.2 Mechanistic theory 121
3.2.1 The stage 'local orientations II': Computation of orientations at the
ends of thin lines 122
3.2.2 The computation of global boundaries and illusory contours 125
3.3 A selective overview of neural networks in the field of visual information
processing 128
4 Problems and advantages of the neurocomputational approach: Validity issues
and psychological theorizing 130
4.1 Behavioral validity and computer simulation 130
4.2 Architectural validity, neurobiological and experimental psychological
findings 132
4.3 On the role of neural networks in the formulation of psychological theories 134
Acknowledgements 136
References 136
Chapter 5: Visual Processing and Cognitive Factors in the Generation of
Saccadic Eye Movements 143
Heiner Deubel
1 Introduction 143
1.1 Eye movements as indicators of cognitive processes 143
1.2 The recent historical development of eye movement research 144
1.3 Aim and overview 145
2 Eye movements: Evolution, function and physiological basis 147
2.1 Evolution and function of eye movements 147
2.2 The physiological substrate of saccadic eye movements 148
2.2.1 Brainstem 148
2.2.2 Superior colliculus 150
2.2.3 Frontal eye fields (area 8) 151
2.2.4 Cortical areas 151
2.3 Saccades: Basic parameters 152
3 The sensory stimulus 153
3.1 Single-dot stimuli as targets for the saccade 153
3.1.1 Spatial precision 154
3.1.2 Voluntary control of spatial parameters of the saccade 156
3.1.3 Effect of sensory parameters on saccadic reaction time 157
3.1.4 Effect of higher-level factors on saccadic reaction time 159
3.2 Double step stimuli 162
3.3 Double and multiple stimuli 166
3.3.1 Selection among stimuli that are widely separated 166
3.3.2 Stimuli close together: The 'global effect' 167
3.3.3 The role of volitional control 170
3.4 Stimuli including background structure 174
3.4.1 Saccades to texture stimuli 175
3.4.2 Implications for neural mechanisms of target selection 178
4 Cognitive factors in saccade generation 179
4.1 Saccadic eye movments and selective visual attention 179
4.2 Sequences of saccades 181
5 Summary and conclusion 181
References 183
viii Contents
Chapter 6: Extraretinal Signals in Visual Orientation 191
Bruce Bridgeman
1 Introduction 191
2 History 192
2.1 Quantitative theories 194
3 Efference copy in cognitive and sensorimotor function 195
3.1 Empirical differentiations of cognitive and sensorimotor function 196
4 Outflow versus inflow 198
4.1 History 198
4.2 New methods 199
4.2.1 Slope favors outflow 199
4.2.2 Eyepress in darkness 199
4.2.3 Voluntary versus involuntary movement 200
4.2.4 Physiological evidence 201
4.3 Quantitative comparisons 202
5 Characteristics of the efference copy 204
5.1 Methodology 204
5.2 Properties of efference copy 206
6 Concluding remarks 218
References 218
II Perception of Objects, Events and Actions
Chapter 7: Perceptual Constancies: Analysis and Synthesis 227
Wayne L. Shebilske and Aaron L. Peters
1 Introduction 227
2 A taxonomy of constancy theories 228
3 Analysis of diverging methods and constructs 233
3.1 Analytic introspection versus the Gestalt-phenomenological method 234
3.2 Perceptual and judgemental modes 236
3.3 Apparent, proximal and objective instructions 236
3.4 Children versus adults 238
3.5 Registered versus perceived values 239
3.6 Correlational versus causal relationships 241
3.7 Converging and diverging operations 242
4 A framework for synthesis 242
4.1 Multilinear models without multiple representations of space 243
4.2 Multilinear models with multiple representations of space 244
5 Summary and conclusion 247
References 248
Chapter 8: The Perception of Auditory Patterns 253
Diana Deutsch
1 Introduction 253
2 Perceptual grouping principles 254
2.1 Pitch proximity in the grouping of sound patterns 256
2.2 Illusory conjunctions in hearing 263
2.3 Good continuation in the grouping of pitch patterns 267
2.4 Grouping of sounds by similarity or by sound quality 268
2.5 The principle of closure 268
2.6 Grouping of sounds by common fate 269
3 Musical shape analysis 269
Contents ix
3.1 Low-level features 269
3.1.1 Pitch class 269
3.1.2 Intervals and chords 270
3.1.3 Interval class 270
3.1.4 Global cues 272
3.2 Musical shape analysis at higher levels of abstraction 272
3.3 Hierarchical encoding of pitch patterns 275
3.4 Pitch class and pitch height 279
4 Summary 292
References 293
Chapter 9: Visual Object Recognition 297
Joachim Hoffmann
1 The function of object recognition 297
1.1 The 'units' of perception 297
1.2 Perception and anticipation 299
1.3 Functional equivalence and the abstraction of invariants 301
2 The dominance of global features 302
2.1 Global dominance in visual perception 302
2.2 Explanations of global dominance 304
2.3 Functional advantages of global dominance 306
3 Basic concepts 306
3.1 Basic levels in taxonomies 306
3.2 Basic concepts and global dominance 308
3.3 Basic concepts and functional equivalence 310
4 The perception of wholes and parts 311
4.1 The origin of partial structures in perception 311
4.2 The Gestalt approach 314
4.3 Structural information theory 314
4.4 Recognition by components 316
4.5 The functional determination of parts 319
5 Contextual influences 321
5.1 Behavior sequences and surroundings as context 321
5.2 Priming 321
5.3 Perceptual effects of priming 322
5.4 Priming by surroundings 323
5.5 Contexts as a prerequisite of intended actions 325
6 Perceptual perspective and orientation 326
6.1 Three-dimensional models and'canonical representations 326
6.2 Mental rotation 327
6.3 Familiarity and dependence on orientation 327
6.4 Orientation-free and orientation-bound features 328
6.5 Orientation-free invariants and concept formation 330
7 Conclusions 332
7.1 Functional equivalence in perception 332
7.2 Current issues and future directions 334
Acknowledgements 335
References 335
Chapter 10: Dimensions of Event Perception 345
Robert E. Shaw, Oded M. Flascher and William M. Mace
1 Introduction: Issues, problems and attitudes 345
1.1 Stretching the boundaries of event perception 348
1.2 Approaches to event perception 349