Handbook of Oxidants and Antioxidants in Exercise

1219 Pages·2000·65.86 MB·English

by  C. Sen

Handbook of
Oxidants and Antioxidants
in Exercise
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Handbook of
Oxidants and Antioxidants
in Exercise
Editors:
Chandan K. Sen, Ph.D., FACSM
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
University of California, Berkeley, USA
and
Department of Physiology
University of Kuopio, Finland
Lester Packer, Ph.D., FOS
Department of Molecular and Cell Biology
University of California, Berkeley, USA
Osmo O.P. Hanninen, M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Physiology
University of Kuopio, Finland
2000
ELSEVIER
Amsterdam - Lausanne - New York - Oxford - Shannon - Singapore - Tokyo
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BY.
Sara Burgerhartstraat 25
P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
© 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
This work is protected under copyright by Elsevier Science, and the following terms and conditions apply to its use:
Photocopying
Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the Publisher and
payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional
purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery Special rates are available for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies for
nonprofit educational classroom use.
Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier Science Rights & Permissions Department, PO Box 800, Oxford OX5 IDX, UK; phone:
([phone], fax: [phone], e-mail: [email protected]. You may also contact Rights & Permissions directly through
Elsevier's home page (http://www.elsevier.nl), selecting first 'Customer Support', then 'General Information', then 'Permissions Query Form'.
In the USA, users may clear permissions and make payments through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers,
MA 01923, USA; phone: [phone], fax: [phone], and in the UK through the Copyright Licensing Agency Rapid Clearance Service
(CLARCS), 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP OLR UK; phone: [phone]; fax: [phone]. Other countries may have
a local reprographic rights agency for payments.
Derivative Works
Tables of contents may be reproduced for internal circulation, but permission of Elsevier Science is required for external resale or distribution of
such material.
Permission of the Publisher is required for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations.
Electronic Storage or Usage
Permission of the Publisher is required to store or use electronically any material contained in this work, including any chapter or part of a
chapter.
Except as outlined above, no part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher.
Address permissions requests to: Elsevier Science Rights & Permissions Department, at the mail, fax and e-mail addresses noted above.
Notice
No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or
otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid
advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made.
First edition 2000
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record from the Library of Congress has been applied for.
ISBN: 0-444-82650-5
@ The paper used in this pubHcation meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of
Paper).
Printed in the Netherlands
Preface
Through the ages man has sought to harness the knowledge of exercise; interest
in exercise science dates back at least to ancient Greece. Today, exercise is seen
as not merely a leisure activity, but as an effective preventive and therapeutic
tool in medicine. The study of exercise physiology and biochemistry has had a
revolutionary overall impact on biomedical research, and exercise has been used
as a model for studying the response of physiological regulatory mechanisms to
stress. At the same time, advances in oxygen free radical biochemistry have lured
exercise biochemists to study the effects of the increased oxygen consumption
that accompanies exercise. The first reports in this field, published in the early
1970s, indicated that strenuous physical exercise might cause oxidative lipid
damage in various tissues. Since then, a considerable body of research has accu-
mulated concerning the effects of exercise, nutrition and training on indices of
oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in various tissues. Most studies sup-
port the contention that during strenuous exercise, generation of reactive oxygen
species (highly reactive, partially reduced metabolites of oxygen) is elevated to a
level that overwhelms tissue antioxidant defence systems. The result is oxidative
stress. The magnitude of the stress depends on the ability of the tissues to detoxify
reactive oxygen species; i.e., antioxidant defences. Endurance training enhances
such defence in various tissues, especially in skeletal muscle and heart. Anti-
oxidants produced by the body act in concert with their exogenous (mainly diet-
ary) counterparts to provide protection against the ravages of reactive oxygen as
well as nitrogen species.
Exercise and Oxygen Toxicity was first published in 1994. The purpose of this
multiauthor volume — the first of its kind — was to examine different aspects
of exercise-induced oxidative stress, its management, and how reactive oxygen
may affect the functional capacity of various vital organs and tissues. Remarkable
interest of the readers and favourable critical reviews published in leading jour-
nals provided the impetus to put together an enlarged second edition. We started
to accomplish that goal. After two years of tireless effort of many, the current
volume was ready to go the press. This volume was over double in size of the ori-
ginal edition. Key related issues such as analytical methods, environmental fac-
tors, nutrition, aging, organ function and several pathophysiological processes
were thoroughly addressed. Leading experts provided unprecedented insight into
the understanding of the role of reactive species and antioxidants. The combina-
tion of these properties makes this volume an authoritative treatise.
During the course of review of the finalized manuscripts at the publishing
house it was brought to our attention that the structure and contents of this
volume more closely resembled a Handbook than just a second edition of Exer-
vi Preface
cise and Oxygen Toxicity. This view was shared by many of our colleagues and
peers, and thus we decided to name this volume as the Handbook of Oxidants
and Antioxidants in Exercise.
Since Exercise and Oxygen Toxicity was pubhshed, interest in exercise, reactive
species and the possible role of endogenous and supplemented antioxidants has
soared. Search of the PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine
using a combination of the keywords "exercise" and "antioxidant" show that the
number of research reports in 1997 is more than double of that in 1994. This
handbook is therefore a timely publication. It is relevant to all those who have
interest in biomedical sciences and is designed to be intelligible to a general
scientific audience.
We are dehghted to be involved in this project. The excellent editorial assistance
of Dr. Savita Khanna and the outstanding contribution of authors are gratefully
acknowledged. We hope that this volume will contribute to the further develop-
ment of this important late-breaking field of research.
Chandan K. Sen
Lester Packer
Osmo Hdnninen
Vll
Contents
Preface v
Part I: Introduction to free radicals
1. Free radical chemistry
K.-D. Asmus and M. Bonifacic 3
Part II: Reactive species in tissues
2. Exercise and oxygen radical production by muscle
MJ. Jackson 57
3. Exercise and xanthine oxidase in the vasculature:
superoxide and nitric oxide interactions
C.R. White, IE. Shelton, D. Moellering, H. Jo, R.R Patel and
V Darley-Usmar 69
Part III: Oxidative stress: Mechanisms and manifestations
4. Chemical bases and biological relevance of protein oxidation
O. Tirosh and A.Z. Reznick 89
5. Lipid peroxidation in healthy and diseased models:
influence of different types of exercise
KM. Alessio 115
6. Metal binding agents: possible role in exercise
R.R. Jenkins and J. Beard 129
7. The role of xanthine oxidase in exercise
Y. Hellsten 153
8. Acute phase immune responses in exercise
JG. Cannon and JB. Blumberg 177
9. Oxidative DNA damage in exercise
A. Hartmann and A.M. Mess 195
viii Contents
Part IV: Antioxidant defenses
10. Physiological antioxidants and exercise training
S.K. Powers and C.K. Sen 221
11. Superoxide dismutases in exercise and disease
K. Suzuki, H. Ohno, S. Oh-ishi, T. Kizaki, T. Ookawara, J. Fujii,
Z. Raddk and N. Taniguchi 243
12. Antioxidants and physical exercise
C.K. Sen and AH. Goldfarb 297
Part V: Nutrition
13. Dietary sources and bioavailability of essential and nonessential
antioxidants
E.A. Decker and P.M. Clarkson 323
14. Vitamin E
M.G. Traber 359
Part VI: Cellular and molecular mechanisms
15. Biological thiols and redox regulation of cellular signal transduction
pathways
C.K. Sen 375
16. Regulation and deregulation of vascular smooth muscle cells by
reactive oxygen species and by a-tocopherol
A. Azzi, D. Boscoboinik, N.K Ozer, R. Ricciarelli and E. Aratri .... 403
Part VII: Analytical methods
17. Oxidative stress indices: analytical aspects and significance
D. Han, S. Loukianoff, and L. McLaughlin 433
18. Noninvasive measures of muscle metaboHsm
T. Hamaoka, KK McCully, T. Katsumura, T. Shimomitsu and
B. Chance 485
Part VIII: Environmental factors
19. Air pollution and oxidative stress
D.M. MeacherandD.B. Menzel 513
Contents ix
20. Risk of oxidative stress at high altitude and possible benefit of
antioxidant supplementation
I. M. Simon-Schnass ................................... 555
2 1. Oxidants in skin pathophysiology
S.Weber ............................................ 579
Part IX: Organ functions
22. Muscle fatigue: mechanisms and regulation
M.B. Reid .......................................... 599
23. Oxidative stress in muscular atrophy
H.Kondo ........................................... 63 1
24. Protection against free radical injury in the heart and cardiac
performance
D. K. Das and N Maulik ................................ 655
25. Exercise-induced oxidative stress in the heart
L.L.Ji ............................................. 689
26. Influence of exercise-induced oxidative stress on the
central nervous system
S. M. Somani and K. Husain ............................. 713
Part X: Aging
27. Oxidants and aging
K. B. Beckman and B. N Ames ............................ 755
28. Caloric restriction, exercise and aging
R.JM. McCarter ..................................... 797
29. Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of sarcopenia
M.E. Lopez, TA. Zainal, S.S. Chung, JM. Aiken and
R.Weindruch ........................................ 83 1
30. Molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in aging: free radicals,
aging, antioxidants and disease
M. Pollack and C. Leeuwenburgh .......................... 88 1
Part XI: Disease processes
31. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and cancer
M.Gerber .......................................... 927