Table Of Content

Optical Science and Engineering S a n t o Handbook of “… an excellent introduction. … It will become a major reference in the s • subject.” F —Prof. David A. Jackson, School of Physical Sciences, University of Kent, a r Canterbury, UK a Optical Sensors h “… a valuable resource tool for both researchers and industrialists alike.” i —Prof. George Stewart, Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland H Handbook of Optical Sensors provides a comprehensive and integrated view of optical sensors, addressing the fundamentals, structures, technolo- a gies, applications, and future perspectives. Featuring chapters authored by n recognized experts and major contributors to the field, this essential refer- d ence: b • Explains the basic aspects of optical sensors and the principles of o optical metrology, presenting a brief historical review o • Explores the role of optical waveguides in sensing and discusses sensor k technologies based on intensity and phase modulation, fluorescence, o and plasmonic waves f • Describes wavefront sensing, multiphoton microscopy, and imaging O based on optical coherence tomography • Covers optical fiber sensing, from light guiding in standard and p microstructured optical fibers to sensor multiplexing, distributed sensing, t i and fiber Bragg grating c • Offers a broad perspective of the field and identifies trends that could a shape the future, such as metamaterials and entangled quantum states l of light S e Handbook of Optical Sensors is an ideal resource for practitioners and those n seeking optical solutions for their specific needs, as well as for students and s Edited by investigators who are the intellectual driving force of optical sensing. o r José Luís Santos s Faramarz Farahi K12997 www.crcpress.com K12997_Cover.indd 1 9/15/14 5:11 PM Handbook of Optical Sensors Handbook of Optical Sensors Edited by José Luís Santos Faramarz Farahi CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140910 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-6686-3 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti- lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy- ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http:// www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To Our Families vii Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii SECtion i optical Sensing and Measurement 1 overview of optical Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 José Luís Santos and Faramarz Farahi 2 Principles of optical Metrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Angela Davies SECtion ii optical Measurement Principles and techniques 3 optical Waveguide Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Bishnu P . Pal 4 intensity Measurements: Principles and techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Carmen Vázquez 5 interferometric Measurement: Principles and techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Mehrdad Abolbashari, Faramarz Farahi, and José Luís Santos 6 Fluorescence Measurement: Principles and techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Pedro Alberto da Silva Jorge 7 Surface Plasmon Measurement: Principles and techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Banshi D . Gupta and Rajan Jha 8 Adaptive optics and Wavefront Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Robert K . tyson viii 9 Multiphoton Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Kert Edward 10 imaging Based on optical Coherence tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Shahab Chitchian and nathaniel M . Fried SECtion iii Fiber-optic Sensors 11 Fiber Sensing: A Historic overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 orlando Frazão 12 optical Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Marco n . Petrovich 13 Point Sensors: intensity Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 José Manuel Baptista 14 Point Sensors: interferometric Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 William n . MacPherson 15 Fiber-optic Sensor Multiplexing Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 Geoffrey A . Cranch 16 Distributed Fiber-optic Sensors Based on Light Scattering in optical Fibers . . . . . 457 Xiaoyi Bao, Wenhai Li, and Liang Chen 17 Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503 David Webb 18 optical Fiber Chemical Sensor Principles and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 tong Sun, t .H . nguyen, and Kenneth t .V . Grattan 19 industrial Fiber Strain Gauge Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 Francisco Araújo and Luís Ferreira 20 Standardization and its impact on Measurement Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 Wolfgang R . Habel