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HANDBOOK OF NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL Handbook of Noise and Vibration Control. Edited by Malcolm J. Crocker Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. EDITORIAL BOARD Malcolm J. Crocker, Editor-in-Chief Robert J. Bernhard, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA Klaus Brinkmann, Braunschweig, Germany Michael Bockhoff, Senlis, France David J. Ewins, London, England George T. Flowers, Auburn, Alabama, USA Samir N. Y. Gerges, Florianopolis, Brazil Colin H. Hansen, Adelaide, Australia Hanno H. Heller, Braunschweig, Germany Finn Jacobsen, Lyngby, Denmank Daniel J. Inman, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA Nickolay I. Ivanov, St. Petersburg, Russia M. L. Munjal, Bangalore, India P. A. Nelson, Southampton, England David E. Newland, Cambridge, England August Schick, Oldenburg, Germany Andrew F. Seybert, Lexington, Kentucky, USA Eric E. Ungar, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Jan W. Verheij, Delft, The Netherlands Henning von Gierke, Dayton, Ohio, USA HANDBOOK OF NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL Edited by Malcolm J. Crocker John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. Copyright2007byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada WileyBicentennialLogo:RichardJ.Pacifico. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronic,mechanical,photocopying, recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe 1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthrough paymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923, (978)750-8400,fax(978)750-4470,orontheWebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbe addressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax (201)748-6008,oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandtheauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthis book,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookand specificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreated orextendedbysalesrepresentativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable foryoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorshallbeliable foranylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orother damages. Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,pleasecontactourCustomerCare DepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat(317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailablein electronicbooks.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Data: Handbookofnoiseandvibrationcontrol/editedbyMalcolmJ.Crocker. p.cm. ISBN978-0-471-39599-7 (Cloth) 1.Noise–Handbooks,manuals,etc.2.Vibration–Handbooks,manuals,etc.3.Noisecontrol–Handbooks,manuals,etc. I.Crocker,MalcolmJ. TD892.H3532007 620.2(cid:1)3–dc22 2007007042 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 For Ruth CONTENTS Foreword xv Preface xvii Contributors xix 1. Fundamentals of Acoustics, Noise, and Vibration 1 Malcolm J.Crocker PART I. Fundamentals of Acoustics and Noise 17 2. Theory of Sound—Predictions and Measurement 19 Malcolm J.Crocker 3. Sound Sources 43 Philip A. Nelson 4. Sound Propagation in Rooms 52 K. Heinrich Kuttruff 5. Sound Propagation in the Atmosphere 67 Keith Attenborough 6. Sound Radiation from Structures and Their Response to Sound 79 Jean-Louis Guyader 7. Numerical Acoustical Modeling (Finite Element Modeling) 101 R. JeremyAstley 8. Boundary Element Modeling 116 D. W. Herrin, T.W. Wu, and A. F. Seybert 9. Aerodynamic Noise: Theory and Applications 128 Philip J.Morris and Geoffrey M.Lilley 10. Nonlinear Acoustics 159 Oleg V. Rudenko and Malcolm J. Crocker PART II. Fundamentals of Vibration 169 11. General Introduction to Vibration 171 Bjorn A. T. Petersson 12. Vibration of Simple Discrete and Continuous Systems 180 Yuri I. Bobrovnitskii 13. Random Vibration 205 David E. Newland 14. Response of Systems to Shock 212 Charles Robert Welch and Robert M.Ebeling vii viii CONTENTS 15. Passive Damping 225 Daniel J.Inman 16. Structure-Borne Energy Flow 232 Goran Pavic´ 17. Statistical Energy Analysis 241 JeromeE. Manning 18. Nonlinear Vibration 255 LawrenceN. Virgin, Earl H. Dowell, and George Flowers PART III. Human Hearing and Speech 269 19. General Introduction to Human Hearing and Speech 271 Karl T.Kalveram 20. The Ear: Its Structure and Function, Related to Hearing 277 Hiroshi Wada 21. Hearing Thresholds, Loudness of Sound, and Sound Adaptation 286 William A. Yost, 22. Speech Production and Speech Intelligibility 293 Christine H. Shadle PART IV. Effects of Noise, Blast, Vibration, and Shock on People 301 23. General Introduction to Noise and Vibration Effects on People and Hearing Conservation 303 Malcolm J.Crocker 24. Sleep Disturbance due to Transportation Noise Exposure 308 LawrenceS. Finegold, Alain G. Muzet, and Bernard F. Berry 25. Noise-Induced Annoyance 316 Sandford Fidell 26. Effects of Infrasound, Low-Frequency Noise, and Ultrasound on People 320 Norm Broner 27. Auditory Hazards of Impulse and Impact Noise 326 Donald Henderson and Roger P. Hamernik 28. Effects of Intense Noise on People and Hearing Loss 337 Rickie R. Davis and William J. Murphy 29. Effects of Vibration on People 343 Michael J. Griffin 30. Effects of Mechanical Shock on People 354 A. J. Brammer 31. Hearing Protectors 364 Samir N. Y.Gerges and John G. Casali 32. Development of Standards and Regulations for Occupational Noise 377 Alice H. Suter 33. Hearing Conservation Programs 383 John Erdreich 34. Rating Measures, Descriptors, Criteria, and Procedures for Determining Human Response to Noise 394 Malcolm J.Crocker CONTENTS ix PART V. Noise and Vibration Transducers, Analysis Equipment, Signal Processing, and Measuring Techniques 415 35. General Introduction to Noise and Vibration Transducers, Measuring Equipment, Measurements, Signal Acquisition, and Processing 417 Malcolm J.Crocker 36. Acoustical Transducer Principles and Types of Microphones 435 Gunnar Rasmussen and Per Rasmussen 37. Vibration Transducer Principles and Types of Vibration Transducers 444 Colin H. Hansen 38. Sound Level Meters 455 George S. K.Wong 39. Noise Dosimeters 465 Chucri A. Kardous 40. Analyzers and Signal Generators 470 Henrik Herlufsen, Svend Gade, and Harry K.Zaveri 41. Equipment for Data Acquisition 486 Zhuang Li and Malcolm J. Crocker 42. Signal Processing 493 Allan G. Piersol 43. Noise and Vibration Measurements 501 Pedro R. Valletta and Malcolm J.Crocker 44. Determination of Sound PowerLeveland Emission Sound PressureLevel 526 Hans G. Jonasson 45. Sound Intensity Measurements 534 Finn Jacobsen 46. Noise and Vibration Data Analysis 549 Robert B. Randall 47. Modal Analysis and Modal Testing 565 David J. Ewins 48. Machinery Condition Monitoring 575 Robert B. Randall 49. Wavelet Analysis of Vibration Signals 585 David E. Newland 50. Use of Near-Field Acoustical Holography in Noise and Vibration Measurements 598 Earl G. Williams 51. Calibration of Measurement Microphones 612 Erling Frederiksen 52. Calibration of Shock and Vibration Transducers 624 Torben Rask Licht 53. Metrology and Traceability of Vibration and Shock Measurements 633 Hans-Ju¨rgen von Martens PART VI. Principles of Noise and Vibration Control and Quiet Machinery Design 647 54. Introduction to Principles of Noise and Vibration Control 649 Malcolm J.Crocker x CONTENTS 55. Noise and Vibration Source Identification 668 Malcolm J.Crocker 56. Use of Enclosures 685 Jorge P. Arenas and Malcolm J. Crocker 57. Use of Sound-Absorbing Materials 696 Malcolm J.Crockerand JorgeP. Arenas 58. Use of Barriers 714 Jorge P. Arenas 59. Use of Vibration Isolation 725 Eric E. Ungar 60. Damping of Structures and Use of Damping Materials 734 Eric E. Ungar 61. Dynamic Vibration Absorbers 745 Leif Kari 62. Rotor Balancing and Unbalance-Caused Vibration 753 Maurice L. Adams, Jr. 63. Active Noise Control 761 Stephen J. Elliott 64. Active Vibration Control 770 Christopher Fuller 65. Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) Sensors for Noise and Vibration Applications 785 James J.Allen 66. Design of Low-Noise Machinery 794 Michael Bockhoff 67. Psychoacoustics and Product Sound Quality 805 Malcolm J.Crocker PART VII. Industrial and Machine Element Noise and Vibration Sources—Prediction and Control 829 68. Machinery Noise and Vibration Sources 831 Malcolm J.Crocker 69. Gear Noise and Vibration Prediction and Control Methods 847 Donald R. Houser 70. Types of Bearings and Means of Noise and Vibration Prediction and Control 857 George Zusman 71. Centrifugal and Axial Fan Noise Prediction and Control 868 Gerald C.Lauchle 72. Types of Electric Motors and Noise and Vibration Prediction and Control Methods 885 George Zusman 73. Pumps and Pumping System Noise and Vibration Prediction and Control 897 Mirko Cˇudina

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Two of the most acclaimed reference works in the area of acoustics in recent years have been our Encyclopedia of Acoustics, 4 Volume set and the Handbook of Acoustics spin-off. These works, edited by Malcolm Crocker, positioned Wiley as a major player in the acoustics reference market. With our r
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HANDBOOK OF NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL Handbook of Noise and Vibration Control. Edited by Malcolm J. Crocker Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. EDITORIAL BOARD Malcolm J. Crocker, Editor-in-Chief Robert J. Bernhard, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA Klaus Brinkmann, Braunschweig, Germany Michael Bockhoff, Senlis, France David J. Ewins, London, England George T. Flowers, Auburn, Alabama, USA Samir N. Y. Gerges, Florianopolis, Brazil Colin H. Hansen, Adelaide, Australia Hanno H. Heller, Braunschweig, Germany Finn Jacobsen, Lyngby, Denmank Daniel J. Inman, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA Nickolay I. Ivanov, St. Petersburg, Russia M. L. Munjal, Bangalore, India P. A. Nelson, Southampton, England David E. Newland, Cambridge, England August Schick, Oldenburg, Germany Andrew F. Seybert, Lexington, Kentucky, USA Eric E. Ungar, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Jan W. Verheij, Delft, The Netherlands Henning von Gierke, Dayton, Ohio, USA HANDBOOK OF NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL Edited by Malcolm J. Crocker John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. Copyright2007byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada WileyBicentennialLogo:RichardJ.Pacifico. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronic,mechanical,photocopying, recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe 1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthrough paymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923, (978)750-8400,fax(978)750-4470,orontheWebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbe addressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax (201)748-6008,oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandtheauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparingthis book,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontentsofthisbookand specificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreated orextendedbysalesrepresentativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable foryoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorshallbeliable foranylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnotlimitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orother damages. Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,pleasecontactourCustomerCare DepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat(317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailablein electronicbooks.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Data: Handbookofnoiseandvibrationcontrol/editedbyMalcolmJ.Crocker. p.cm. ISBN978-0-471-39599-7 (Cloth) 1.Noise–Handbooks,manuals,etc.2.Vibration–Handbooks,manuals,etc.3.Noisecontrol–Handbooks,manuals,etc. I.Crocker,MalcolmJ. TD892.H3532007 620.2(cid:1)3–dc22 2007007042 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 For Ruth CONTENTS Foreword xv Preface xvii Contributors xix 1. Fundamentals of Acoustics, Noise, and Vibration 1 Malcolm J.Crocker PART I. Fundamentals of Acoustics and Noise 17 2. Theory of Sound—Predictions and Measurement 19 Malcolm J.Crocker 3. Sound Sources 43 Philip A. Nelson 4. Sound Propagation in Rooms 52 K. Heinrich Kuttruff 5. Sound Propagation in the Atmosphere 67 Keith Attenborough 6. Sound Radiation from Structures and Their Response to Sound 79 Jean-Louis Guyader 7. Numerical Acoustical Modeling (Finite Element Modeling) 101 R. JeremyAstley 8. Boundary Element Modeling 116 D. W. Herrin, T.W. Wu, and A. F. Seybert 9. Aerodynamic Noise: Theory and Applications 128 Philip J.Morris and Geoffrey M.Lilley 10. Nonlinear Acoustics 159 Oleg V. Rudenko and Malcolm J. Crocker PART II. Fundamentals of Vibration 169 11. General Introduction to Vibration 171 Bjorn A. T. Petersson 12. Vibration of Simple Discrete and Continuous Systems 180 Yuri I. Bobrovnitskii 13. Random Vibration 205 David E. Newland 14. Response of Systems to Shock 212 Charles Robert Welch and Robert M.Ebeling vii viii CONTENTS 15. Passive Damping 225 Daniel J.Inman 16. Structure-Borne Energy Flow 232 Goran Pavic´ 17. Statistical Energy Analysis 241 JeromeE. Manning 18. Nonlinear Vibration 255 LawrenceN. Virgin, Earl H. Dowell, and George Flowers PART III. Human Hearing and Speech 269 19. General Introduction to Human Hearing and Speech 271 Karl T.Kalveram 20. The Ear: Its Structure and Function, Related to Hearing 277 Hiroshi Wada 21. Hearing Thresholds, Loudness of Sound, and Sound Adaptation 286 William A. Yost, 22. Speech Production and Speech Intelligibility 293 Christine H. Shadle PART IV. Effects of Noise, Blast, Vibration, and Shock on People 301 23. General Introduction to Noise and Vibration Effects on People and Hearing Conservation 303 Malcolm J.Crocker 24. Sleep Disturbance due to Transportation Noise Exposure 308 LawrenceS. Finegold, Alain G. Muzet, and Bernard F. Berry 25. Noise-Induced Annoyance 316 Sandford Fidell 26. Effects of Infrasound, Low-Frequency Noise, and Ultrasound on People 320 Norm Broner 27. Auditory Hazards of Impulse and Impact Noise 326 Donald Henderson and Roger P. Hamernik 28. Effects of Intense Noise on People and Hearing Loss 337 Rickie R. Davis and William J. Murphy 29. Effects of Vibration on People 343 Michael J. Griffin 30. Effects of Mechanical Shock on People 354 A. J. Brammer 31. Hearing Protectors 364 Samir N. Y.Gerges and John G. Casali 32. Development of Standards and Regulations for Occupational Noise 377 Alice H. Suter 33. Hearing Conservation Programs 383 John Erdreich 34. Rating Measures, Descriptors, Criteria, and Procedures for Determining Human Response to Noise 394 Malcolm J.Crocker CONTENTS ix PART V. Noise and Vibration Transducers, Analysis Equipment, Signal Processing, and Measuring Techniques 415 35. General Introduction to Noise and Vibration Transducers, Measuring Equipment, Measurements, Signal Acquisition, and Processing 417 Malcolm J.Crocker 36. Acoustical Transducer Principles and Types of Microphones 435 Gunnar Rasmussen and Per Rasmussen 37. Vibration Transducer Principles and Types of Vibration Transducers 444 Colin H. Hansen 38. Sound Level Meters 455 George S. K.Wong 39. Noise Dosimeters 465 Chucri A. Kardous 40. Analyzers and Signal Generators 470 Henrik Herlufsen, Svend Gade, and Harry K.Zaveri 41. Equipment for Data Acquisition 486 Zhuang Li and Malcolm J. Crocker 42. Signal Processing 493 Allan G. Piersol 43. Noise and Vibration Measurements 501 Pedro R. Valletta and Malcolm J.Crocker 44. Determination of Sound PowerLeveland Emission Sound PressureLevel 526 Hans G. Jonasson 45. Sound Intensity Measurements 534 Finn Jacobsen 46. Noise and Vibration Data Analysis 549 Robert B. Randall 47. Modal Analysis and Modal Testing 565 David J. Ewins 48. Machinery Condition Monitoring 575 Robert B. Randall 49. Wavelet Analysis of Vibration Signals 585 David E. Newland 50. Use of Near-Field Acoustical Holography in Noise and Vibration Measurements 598 Earl G. Williams 51. Calibration of Measurement Microphones 612 Erling Frederiksen 52. Calibration of Shock and Vibration Transducers 624 Torben Rask Licht 53. Metrology and Traceability of Vibration and Shock Measurements 633 Hans-Ju¨rgen von Martens PART VI. Principles of Noise and Vibration Control and Quiet Machinery Design 647 54. Introduction to Principles of Noise and Vibration Control 649 Malcolm J.Crocker x CONTENTS 55. Noise and Vibration Source Identification 668 Malcolm J.Crocker 56. Use of Enclosures 685 Jorge P. Arenas and Malcolm J. Crocker 57. Use of Sound-Absorbing Materials 696 Malcolm J.Crockerand JorgeP. Arenas 58. Use of Barriers 714 Jorge P. Arenas 59. Use of Vibration Isolation 725 Eric E. Ungar 60. Damping of Structures and Use of Damping Materials 734 Eric E. Ungar 61. Dynamic Vibration Absorbers 745 Leif Kari 62. Rotor Balancing and Unbalance-Caused Vibration 753 Maurice L. Adams, Jr. 63. Active Noise Control 761 Stephen J. Elliott 64. Active Vibration Control 770 Christopher Fuller 65. Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) Sensors for Noise and Vibration Applications 785 James J.Allen 66. Design of Low-Noise Machinery 794 Michael Bockhoff 67. Psychoacoustics and Product Sound Quality 805 Malcolm J.Crocker PART VII. Industrial and Machine Element Noise and Vibration Sources—Prediction and Control 829 68. Machinery Noise and Vibration Sources 831 Malcolm J.Crocker 69. Gear Noise and Vibration Prediction and Control Methods 847 Donald R. Houser 70. Types of Bearings and Means of Noise and Vibration Prediction and Control 857 George Zusman 71. Centrifugal and Axial Fan Noise Prediction and Control 868 Gerald C.Lauchle 72. Types of Electric Motors and Noise and Vibration Prediction and Control Methods 885 George Zusman 73. Pumps and Pumping System Noise and Vibration Prediction and Control 897 Mirko Cˇudina

Description:
Two of the most acclaimed reference works in the area of acoustics in recent years have been our Encyclopedia of Acoustics, 4 Volume set and the Handbook of Acoustics spin-off. These works, edited by Malcolm Crocker, positioned Wiley as a major player in the acoustics reference market. With our r
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