Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology: Neural Lipids

769 Pages·2009·13.3 MB·English

by  Guido Tettamanti

Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology
NeuralLipids
Abel Lajtha (Ed.)
Handbook of
Neurochemistry and
Molecular Neurobiology
Neural Lipids
Volume Editors: Guido Tettamanti and Gianfrancesco Goracci
With120 Figures and56Tables
Editor
AbelLajtha
Director
CenterforNeurochemistry
NathanS.KlineInstituteforPsychiatricResearch
140OldOrangeburgRoad
Orangeburg
NewYork,10962
USA
VolumeEditors
GuidoTettamanti GianfrancescoGoracci
DepartmentofMedicalChemistry,Biochemistryand DepartmentofInternalMedicine
Biotechnology SectionofBiochemistry
ViaSaldini50 UniversityofPerugia
20133,Milan viadelGiochetto
Italy 06122Perugia
Italy
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2006922553
ISBN:978‐0‐387‐30345‐1
Additionally,thewholesetwillbeavailableuponcompletionunderISBN:978‐0‐387‐35443‐9
TheelectronicversionofthewholesetwillbeavailableunderISBN:978‐0‐387‐30426‐7
TheprintandelectronicbundleofthewholesetwillbeavailableunderISBN:978‐0‐387‐35478‐1
(cid:1)2009SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC.
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Preface
ThesecondEditionofthe‘‘HandbookofNeurochemistry’’goesbackto1983.InthatEdition,Brainlipids
weredistributedindifferentvolumes,followingtherationaleunderlyingtheEdition.Manyofthechapters
onlipidswereoutstandingandactuallyare‘‘historicalmasterpieces’’ofscientificliterature.Aftermorethen
25 years, the lipids of the nervous system were considered to deserve a separate volume. Many are the
reasonsforthisdecision.Newmethodshavebeendevelopedforthestructuralanalysisoflipids,fortheir
quantificationatthenano-andpico-molelevels,forthesynthesisofanalogsandderivativessuitablefor
biologicalinvestigations.Lipidsenteredintothe‘‘omic’’era,too,andthereisaconsolidated‘‘lipidomics’’.
Themetabolicpathwaysoflipidsthat25yearsagoappearedtobecomplexarepresentlyinawaythatis
muchmorecomplexandintriguing,beingintimatelyconnectedwiththeintricatenetworkofintracellular
moleculartraffic.
The impact of the new technologies for identifying genes, transfecting them into cells, and over-
expressingorsilencingthemwastremendous,intermsofinnovationandgrowingknowledge.Ofcourse,
thisalsoappliestothelipidfield.However,seriousperplexitieswerealsogenerated,againregardinglipids,
too. A similar situation applies to the exponential development of the use of transgenic animals: many
findings were obtained that validated previous hypotheses. But unexpected results also emerged, which
presumably reflect the present incomplete knowledge of the regulation mechanisms of gene expression.
Afurtherfieldthatblossomedmagnificentlyinrecentdecadesismembranelipidology,rangingfromthe
releaseoffragmentsfrommembranelipids,havingabioactiverole,totheseparationofsomelipidsandfew
proteins into more rigid domains (lipid rafts) holding peculiar properties, and the discovery of lipid
anchorstoprotein.Acompletelynovelnotionisalsotheoccurrenceofbioregulatorsofsphingoidnature,
deriving from membrane sphingolipids. Just tofinish,surprising findingsconcern theroleoflipids ina
numberofneuraldiseasesandtherelationshipbetweendietlipidsandbrainfunction.
The‘‘NeuralLipids’’volumeofthenewEditionoftheHandbookofNeurochemistryandMolecular
Neurobiologywasconceivedtoofferanupdateonpresentknowledgeofneurallipids,evidencingthenew
advancesandconceptsbutrecallingtheoldbasiconesinaperspectiveofcontinuity.Notwithstandingthe
efforts,theresultingviewmayprobablybeincomplete.However,itissurelysufficienttoconvinceespecially
thenewcomerstothefieldoftheimportanceofstructuralandfunctionallipidology.
ItisremarkablethatsomeoftheauthorsofthechapterscollectedinthisEditionwereauthorsofthe
previousedition,too:thisisanunequivocalsignofcontinuityofinterestanddedicationtolipidscience.
Tofinishonasadnote,twoauthorsofthisvolume,Prof.L.A.Horrocks,andProf.S.E.Pfeiffer,passed
awaybeforethepublicationofthevolume.Prof.H.Moser,expertinperoxisomal-physiopathology,alsoleft
usatthebeginningofhisengagement.Throughthekindmediationofhiswife,fourofhisco-workerstook
careofcontinuingandterminatingthework.Lloyd,SteveandHugocontinuetoliveinourmemoryand
unchangedappreciation.Thisvolumeisdedicatedtothem.
GianfrancescoGoracci
GuidoTettamanti

Table of Contents
Preface . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. v
Contributors . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . xi
BiochemistryandMolecularBiologyofNeuralLipids
1 AdvancesinLipidAnalysis/Lipidomics–AnalysesofPhospholipids
byRecentApplicationofMassSpectrometry .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. 3
R.Taguchi
2 CholineandEthanolamineGlycerophospholipids . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 21
A.A.Farooqui.L.A.Horrocks.T.Farooqui
3 BrainPhosphatidylserine:MetabolismandFunctions .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 39
R.Mozzi.S.Buratta
4 MetabolismandEnzymologyofCholesterolandSteroids . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 59
B.Stoffel-Wagner
5 AnandamideandOtherAcylethanolamides . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 75
S.Petrosino.V.DiMarzo
6 Chemistry,TissueandCellularDistribution,andDevelopmental
ProfilesofNeuralSphingolipids . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 99
G.Tettamanti.L.Anastasia
CellularandSubcellularLocalizationofNeuralLipids
7 NuclearLipidsandTheirMetabolicandSignalingProperties . .. .. .. . .. .. 173
R.Ledeen.G.Wu
8 LipidsofBrainMitochondria . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 199
L.Corazzi.R.Roberti
viii TableofContents
9 NeuronalMembraneLipids–TheirRoleintheSynapticVesicleCycle . .. .. 223
L.Lim.M.R.Wenk
10 FunctionalDynamicsofMyelinLipids. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 239
S.N.Fewou.N.Jackman.G.vanMeer.R.Bansal.S.E.Pfeiffer
FunctionofNeuralLipids
11 ThePhosphoinositides . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 269
G.D’Angelo.M.Vicinanza.A.DiCampli.M.A.DeMatteis
12 LipidMediatorsandModulatorsofNeuralFunction:
LysophosphatidateandLysolipids . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 289
D.N.Brindley.A.U.Bra¨uer
13 MetabolismandFunctionsofPlatelet-ActivatingFactor(PAF)
intheNervousTissue . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 311
G.Goracci.M.L.Balestrieri.V.Nardicchi
14 LipidAnchorstoProteins . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 353
N.N.Nalivaeva.A.J.Turner
15 BioactiveSphingolipids:AnOverviewonCeramide,
Ceramide1-PhosphateDihydroceramide,Sphingosine,Sphingosine
1-Phosphate . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 373
J.M.Kraveka.Y.A.Hannun
16 TheEndocannabinoidSystemanditsManifoldCentralActions . .. .. . .. .. 385
M.Maccarrone
Diet,BrainLipidsandBrainFunctions
17 Diet,BrainLipids,andBrainFunctions:PolyunsaturatedFattyAcids,
MainlyOmega‐3FattyAcids . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 409
J.M.Bourre
18 CholineandItsProductsAcetylcholineandPhosphatidylcholine .. .. . .. .. 443
R.J.Wurtman.M.Cansev.I.H.Ulus
19 AlcoholandNeuralLipids . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 503
E.Cazzaniga.A.Bulbarelli.M.Masserini
LipidsinNeuralDisfunctionandDiseases
20 RolesofCytosolicandSecretoryPhospholipasesA inOxidativeand
2
InflammatorySignalingPathwaysintheCNS.. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 517
G.Y.Sun.A.Y.Sun.L.A.Horrocks.A.Simonyi
TableofContents ix
21 LipidsinNeuralTumors .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 535
J.R.VanBrocklyn
22 LipidsinAlzheimer’sDiseaseBrain. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 563
D.A.Butterfield.H.M.Abdul
23 NeuralLipidsinParkinson’sDisease.. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 583
M.Barichella.G.Pezzoli.A.Mauri.C.Savardi
24 LipidsinMultipleSclerosis .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 593
L.Rinaldi.F.Grassivaro.P.Gallo
25 BrainOxidativeStressfromaPhospholipidPerspective .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 603
A.Brand-Yavin.E.Yavin
26 PeroxisomalDisorders. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 631
G.V.Raymond
27 Sphingolipid‐InheritedDiseasesoftheCentralNervousSystem . .. .. . .. .. 671
S.L.Hoops.T.Kolter.K.Sandhoff
28 MouseModelswithGeneDeletionsofEnzymesandCofactors
InvolvedinSphingolipidSynthesisandDegradation. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 703
R.Jennemann.H.-J.Gro¨ne.H.Wiegandt.R.Sandhoff
Index .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 743