Handbook of Nanophysics: Principles and Methods

776 Pages·2010·19.397 MB·English

by  Sattler K.D. (ed.)

Handbook of Nanophysics
Handbook of Nanophysics: Principles and Methods
Handbook of Nanophysics: Clusters and Fullerenes
Handbook of Nanophysics: Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots
Handbook of Nanophysics: Nanotubes and Nanowires
Handbook of Nanophysics: Functional Nanomaterials
Handbook of Nanophysics: Nanoelectronics and Nanophotonics
Handbook of Nanophysics: Nanomedicine and Nanorobotics
Principles Methods
and
Edited by
Klaus D. Sattler
Boca Raton London New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Handbook of nanophysics. Principles and methods / editor, Klaus D. Sattler.
p. cm.
“A CRC title.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4200-7540-3 (alk. paper)
1. Microphysics--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Nanotechnology--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Nanoscience--Handbooks, manuals,
etc. I. Sattler, Klaus D.
QC173.4.M5H358 2009
620’.5--dc22 2009047134
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Contents
Preface........................................................................................................................................................... ix
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................ xi
Editor ..........................................................................................................................................................xiii
Contributors .................................................................................................................................................xv
PART I Design and Theory
1 The Quantum Nature of Nanoscience ................................................................................................1-1
Marvin L. Cohen
2 Theories for Nanomaterials to Realize a Sustainable Future ........................................................... 2-1
Rodion V. Belosludov, Natarajan S. Venkataramanan, Hiroshi Mizuseki, Oleg S. Subbotin, Ryoji Sahara,
Vladimir R. Belosludov, and Yoshiyuki Kawazoe
3 Tools for Predicting the Properties of Nanomaterials ......................................................................3-1
James R. Chelikowsky
4 Design of Nanomaterials by Computer Simulations .........................................................................4-1
Vijay Kumar
5 Predicting Nanocluster Structures ....................................................................................................5-1
John D. Head
PART II Nanoscale Systems
6 The Nanoscale Free-Electron Model .................................................................................................6-1
Daniel F. Urban, Jérôme Bürki, Charles A. Staff ord, and Hermann Grabert
7 Small-Scale Nonequilibrium Systems .................................................................................................7-1
Peder C. F. Møller and Lene B. Oddershede
8 Nanoionics .......................................................................................................................................... 8-1
Joachim Maier
9 Nanoscale Superconductivity ............................................................................................................9-1
Francois M. Peeters, Arkady A. Shanenko, and Mihail D. Croitoru
10 One-Dimensional Quantum Liquids ............................................................................................... 10-1
Kurt Schönhammer
11 Nanofluidics of Thin Liquid Films ...................................................................................................11-1
Markus Rauscher and Siegfried Dietrich
v
vi Contents
12 Capillary Condensation in Confined Media ................................................................................... 12-1
Elisabeth Charlaix and Matteo Ciccotti
13 Dynamics at the Nanoscale .............................................................................................................. 13-1
A. Marshall Stoneham and Jacob L. Gavartin
14 Electrochemistry and Nanophysics ..................................................................................................14-1
Werner Schindler
PART III Thermodynamics
15 Nanothermodynamics ...................................................................................................................... 15-1
Vladimir García-Morales, Javier Cervera, and José A. Manzanares
16 Statistical Mechanics in Nanophysics ............................................................................................. 16-1
Jurij Avsec, Greg F. Naterer, and Milan Marcˇiˇc
17 Phonons in Nanoscale Objects..........................................................................................................17-1
Arnaud Devos
18 Melting of Finite-Sized Systems ...................................................................................................... 18-1
Dilip Govind Kanhere and Sajeev Chacko
19 Melting Point of Nanomaterials ...................................................................................................... 19-1
Pierre Letellier, Alain Mayaff re, and Mireille Turmine
20 Phase Changes of Nanosystems .......................................................................................................20-1
R. Stephen Berry
21 Thermodynamic Phase Stabilities of Nanocarbon ...........................................................................21-1
Qing Jiang and Shuang Li
PART IV Nanomechanics
22 Computational Nanomechanics ......................................................................................................22-1
Wing Kam Liu, Eduard G. Karpov, and Yaling Liu
23 Nanomechanical Properties of the Elements ..................................................................................23-1
Nicola M. Pugno
24 Mechanical Models for Nanomaterials ............................................................................................24-1
Igor A. Guz, Jeremiah J. Rushchitsky, and Alexander N. Guz
PART V Nanomagnetism and Spins
25 Nanomagnetism in Otherwise Nonmagnetic Materials .................................................................25-1
Tatiana Makarova
26 Laterally Confined Magnetic Nanometric Structures ....................................................................26-1
Sergio Valeri, Alessandro di Bona, and Gian Carlo Gazzadi
27 Nanoscale Dynamics in Magnetism .................................................................................................27-1
Yves Acremann and Hans Christoph Siegmann
28 Spins in Organic Semiconductor Nanostructures ..........................................................................28-1
Sandipan Pramanik, Bhargava Kanchibotla, and Supriyo Bandyopadhyay
Contents vii
PART VI Nanoscale Methods
29 Nanometrology .................................................................................................................................29-1
Stergios Logothetidis
30 Aerosol Methods for Nanoparticle Synthesis and Characterization ..............................................30-1
Andreas Schmidt-Ott
31 Tomography of Nanostructures ........................................................................................................31-1
Günter Möbus and Zineb Saghi
32 Local Probes: Pushing the Limits of Detection and Interaction .................................................... 32-1
Adam Z. Stieg and James K. Gimzewski
33 Quantitative Dynamic Atomic Force Microscopy .......................................................................... 33-1
Robert W. Stark and Martin Stark
34 STM-Based Techniques Combined with Optics ..............................................................................34-1
Hidemi Shigekawa, Osamu Takeuchi, Yasuhiko Terada, and Shoji Yoshida
35 Contact Experiments with a Scanning Tunneling Microscope ...................................................... 35-1
Jörg Kröger
36 Fundamental Process of Near-Field Interaction .............................................................................36-1
Hirokazu Hori and Tetsuya Inoue
37 Near-Field Photopolymerization and Photoisomerization ..............................................................37-1
Renaud Bachelot, Jérôme Plain, and Olivier Soppera
38 Soft X-Ray Holography for Nanostructure Imaging .......................................................................38-1
Andreas Scherz
39 Single-Biomolecule Imaging ............................................................................................................39-1
Tsumoru Shintake
40 Amplified Single-Molecule Detection .............................................................................................40-1
Ida Grundberg, Irene Weibrecht, and Ulf Landegren
Index ....................................................................................................................................................Index-1
Preface
Th e Handbook of Nanophysics is the fi rst comprehensive ref- interdisciplinary projects and incorporate the theory and method-
erence to consider both fundamental and applied aspects of ology of other fi elds into their work. It is intended for readers from
nanophysics. As a unique feature of this work, we requested diverse backgrounds, from math and physics to chemistry, biology,
contributions to be submitted in a tutorial style, which means and engineering.
that state-of-the-art scientifi c content is enriched with funda- Th e introduction to each chapter should be comprehensible to
mental equations and illustrations in order to facilitate wider general readers. However, further reading may require familiar-
access to the material. In this way, the handbook should be of ity with basic classical, atomic, and quantum physics. For stu-
value to a broad readership, from scientifi cally interested gen- dents, there is no getting around the mathematical background
eral readers to students and professionals in materials science, necessary to learn nanophysics. You should know calculus, how
solid-state physics, electrical engineering, mechanical engi- to solve ordinary and partial diff erential equations, and have
neering, computer science, chemistry, pharmaceutical science, some exposure to matrices/linear algebra, complex variables, and
biotechnology, molecular biology, biomedicine, metallurgy, vectors.
and environmental engineering.
External Review
What Is Nanophysics?
All chapters were extensively peer reviewed by senior scien-
Modern physical methods whose fundamentals are developed tists working in nanophysics and related areas of nanoscience.
in physics laboratories have become critically important in Specialists reviewed the scientifi c content and nonspecialists
nanoscience. Nanophysics brings together multiple disciplines, ensured that the contributions were at an appropriate technical
using theoretical and experimental methods to determine the level. For example, a physicist may have been asked to review a
physical properties of materials in the nanoscale size range chapter on a biological application and a biochemist to review one
(measured by millionths of a millimeter). Interesting properties on nanoelectronics.
include the structural, electronic, optical, and thermal behavior
of nanomaterials; electrical and thermal conductivity; the forces Organization
between nanoscale objects; and the transition between classical
and quantum behavior. Nanophysics has now become an inde- Th e Handbook of Nanophysics consists of seven books. Chapters
pendent branch of physics, simultaneously expanding into many in the fi rst four books (Principles and Methods, Clusters and
new areas and playing a vital role in fi elds that were once the Fullerenes, Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots, and Nanotubes
domain of engineering, chemical, or life sciences. and Nanowires) describe theory and methods as well as the
Th is handbook was initiated based on the idea that break- fundamental physics of nanoscale materials and structures.
throughs in nanotechnology require a fi rm grounding in the Although some topics may appear somewhat specialized,
principles of nanophysics. It is intended to fulfi ll a dual purpose. On they have been included given their potential to lead to better
the one hand, it is designed to give an introduction to established technologies. Th e last three books (Functional Nanomaterials,
fundamentals in the fi eld of nanophysics. On the other hand, it Nanoelectronics and Nanophotonics, and Nanomedicine and
leads the reader to the most signifi cant recent developments in Nanorobotics) deal with the technological applications of nano-
research. It provides a broad and in-depth coverage of the phys- physics. Th e chapters are written by authors from various fi elds
ics of nanoscale materials and applications. In each chapter, the of nanoscience in order to encourage new ideas for future fun-
aim is to off er a didactic treatment of the physics underlying the damental research.
applications alongside detailed experimental results, rather than Aft er the fi rst book, which covers the general principles of
focusing on particular applications themselves. theory and measurements of nanoscale systems, the o rganization
Th e handbook also encourages communication across bor- roughly follows the historical development of nanoscience. Cluster
ders, aiming to connect scientists with disparate interests to begin scientists pioneered the fi eld in the 1980s, followed by extensive
ix
x Preface
work on fullerenes, nanoparticles, and quantum dots in the 1990s. and top-down techniques for nanomaterial and nanostructure
Research on nanotubes and nanowires intensifi ed in subsequent generation were developed and made possible the development of
years. Aft er much basic research, the interest in applications such nanoelectronics and nanophotonics. In recent years, real applica-
as the functions of nanomaterials has grown. Many bottom-up tions for nanomedicine and nanorobotics have been discovered.
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