Handbook of nanomaterials

699 Pages·2017·30.397 MB·English

by  Gogotsi Y. (ed.)

NANOSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Gogotsi NANOMATERIALS
HANDBOOK
SECOND EDITION
NANOMATERIALS HANDBOOK
SECOND EDITION
HN
Since publication of the first edition over a decade ago, the field of nanomaterials has
grown substantially and has seen many novel developments, such as the discovery of new AA
2D materials, advancement of photonic crystals, graphene, inorganic nanotubes, and broad
NN
utilization of nanoparticles in electronics, medicine, and the food industry. Taking into
account these tremendous advances in the field, the Second Edition of the Nanomaterials DO
Handbook has been fully updated and extended to include the latest and emerging materi-
BM
als and technologies. It includes 11 chapters new to this edition, including topics such as
graphene, biomedical applications, mechanics, nanoceramics, 2D metal carbides and car-
O
A
bonitrides, and safety of nanomaterials, among others. The Handbook continues its highly
successful comprehensive approach covering fundamentals to applications and materials OT
basics to tailored design, with 22 chapters authored by leading international experts.
E
K
R
FEATURES
• Features 11 new chapters unique to this edition
I
• Includes new chapters on grain boundaries in graphene, 2D metal carbides and A
carbonitrides, mechanics of carbon nanotubes and nanomaterials, biomedical
L
applications, oxidation and purification of carbon nanostructures, sintering of
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nanoceramics, hydrothermal processing, nanofibers, and nanomaterials safety
• Offers a comprehensive approach with a focus on inorganic and carbon-based
nanomaterials, including fundamentals, applications, synthesis, and
characterization
SECOND
• Provides a unique angle from the nanomaterial point of view on application,
Yury Gogotsi
synthesis, and characterization not found in any other nanomaterials book on EDITION EDITED BY
the market.
K24644
ISBN: 978-1-4987-0306-2
90000
9 781498 703062
Nanomaterials Handbook
Advanced Materials and Technologies Series
Series Editor
Yury Gogotsi
Drexel University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
and
Jilin University
Changchun, China
Nanomaterials Handbook, Second Edition, edited by Yury Gogotsi
Electronic, Magnetic, and Optical Materials, Second Edition, Pradeep Fulay and Jung-Kun Lee
Carbon Nanomaterials, Second Edition, edited by Yury Gogotsi and Volker Presser
Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Systems, edited by François Béguin
and Elzbieta Frackowiak
Nanotubes and Nanofibers, edited by Yury Gogotsi
Nanomaterials Handbook, edited by Yury Gogotsi
CRC Press
Boca Raton and London
© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
2017
Nanomaterials Handbook
Second Edition
Edited by
Yury Gogotsi
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-0306-2 (Hardback)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Gogotsi, Y., 1961- editor.
Title: Nanomaterials handbook / edited by Yury Gogotsi.
Description: Second edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press,
2017. | Series: Advanced materials and technologies series | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017001853 | ISBN 9781498703062 (hardback) |
ISBN 9781498703079 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Nanostructured materials--Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Classification: LCC TA418.9.N35 N2594 2017 | DDC 620.1/15--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017001853
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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and the CRC Press Web site at
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This book is dedicated to my family who has always been there for me.

Contents
Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................xi
Editor .............................................................................................................................................xiii
Contributors .....................................................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 Graphene: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications .....................................................1
Zongbin Zhao and Jieshan Qiu
Chapter 2 Grain Boundaries in Graphene ..................................................................................47
I. A. Ovid’ko
Chapter 3 Epitaxial Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes on Silicon Carbide ................................63
Goknur Cambaz Büke
Chapter 4 Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Carbides and Carbonitrides ..............................83
Michael Naguib
Chapter 5 Cooperative Interaction, Crystallization, and Properties of Polymer–Carbon
Nanotube Nanocomposites .......................................................................................103
Eric D. Laird and Christopher Y. Li
Chapter 6 Mechanics of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanomaterials ..............................................157
Vasyl Harik
Chapter 7 Biomedical Applications of Nanostructures: Carbon Nanotube Biosensors ...........191
Meining Zhang, Lanqun Mao, Pingang He, and Liming Dai
Chapter 8 Carbon Nanostructures in Biomedical Applications ................................................239
Masoud Golshadi and Michael G. Schrlau
Chapter 9 Field Emission from Carbon Nanotubes ..................................................................255
Peng-Xiang Hou, Chang Liu, and Hui-Ming Cheng
Chapter 10 Carbon Nanotubes for Photoinduced Energy Conversion Applications ..................273
Ge Peng, Sushant Sahu, Mohammed J. Meziani, Li Cao, Yamin Liu,
and Ya-Ping Sun
Chapter 11 Fullerene C Architectures in Materials Science ....................................................309
60
Francesco Scarel and Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 12 Nanocrystalline Diamond ........................................................................................351
Alexander Vul’, Marina Baidakova, and Artur Dideikin
Chapter 13 Combining Nanotechnology with Personalized and Precision Medicine:
Nanodiamonds as Therapeutic and Imaging Agents ...............................................379
Dong-Keun Lee, Desiree Hsiou, Theodore Kee, Sue Vin Kim,
Adelheid Nerisa Limansubroto, Darron Miya, and Dean Ho
Chapter 14 Carbon Onions .........................................................................................................391
Yuriy Butenko, Lidija Šiller, and Michael R. C. Hunt
Chapter 15 Carbide-Derived Carbons ........................................................................................415
Yair Korenblit and Gleb Yushin
Chapter 16 Templated and Ordered Mesoporous Carbons .........................................................443
Pasquale F. Fulvio, Joanna Gorka, Richard T. Mayes, and Sheng Dai
Chapter 17 Oxidation and Purification of Carbon Nanostructures ............................................467
Sebastian Osswald and Bastian J. M. Etzold
Chapter 18 Hydrothermal Process for Nano-Carbons and Carbonaceous Materials .................507
Masahiro Yoshimura and Jaganathan Senthilnathan
Chapter 19 Carbon Nanomaterials for Water Desalination by Capacitive Deionization ...........535
P. M. Biesheuvel, Slawomir Porada, Albert van der Wal, and Volker Presser
Chapter 20 Sintering of Nano-Ceramics ....................................................................................579
Xiao-Hui Wang and I-Wei Chen
Chapter 21 Nanofiber Technology: Bridging the Gap between Nano and Macro World ...........603
Frank K. Ko and Lynn Yuqin Wan
Chapter 22 The Safety of Nanomaterials on Molecular and Cellular Scale ...............................629
Annette Kraegeloh and Klaus Unfried
Index ..............................................................................................................................................663
Preface
Nanomaterials have become the fastest growing domain of materials science and engineering. Their
impact can already be seen in everyday products with improved or novel properties. Examples range
over a wide field, from high-performance computer chips and UV-blocking sunscreens to nature’s
very own nanotechnology, including the adhesion of gecko feet to smooth surfaces or the incredible
strength of spider webs. Nanomaterials mimicking gecko foot sole have been developed, and spider
silk can be produced in industrial quantities nowadays. Both have already made their way into com-
mercial products. It has only been since the advent of high-resolution characterization techniques
and advanced computer modeling that we have started to understand the mysteries of the “nano
world” in such a way that we are able to capitalize on many unique phenomena and tailor material
properties for making a large variety of nanoscale devices. Fluorescence, extreme anisotropy of
electrical and mechanical properties, high electron mobility, tunable band-gap, and other unique
properties of nanomaterials enable new technologies, as well as lead to miniaturization of improve-
ment of existing technologies. Many of the unique properties observed at the nanometer scale are
defined by quantum confinement and may vanish in macroscale objects.
Carbon nanomaterials occupy a special place in the large nano family. Discovery of fullerenes
and nanotubes started the nanotechnology era. Graphene is the most studied material of our time.
Nanostructured carbons are already widely used in many commercial products. In mere numbers
of scientific publications, the research on carbon nanomaterials, such as graphene, nanotubes, nano-
diamonds, and fullerenes, exceed all other fields of nanotechnology. Carbon nanotechnology has
seen a continuous increase in attention (and research funding) over the past decades, significantly
energized by discoveries such as fullerenes, then carbon nanotubes, and, of course, the latest addi-
tion to the carbon family—graphene. As is common for materials science, it takes years after the
first excitement of a new discovery, for materials development to reach a mature state and for practi-
cal applications to emerge. However, it is noticeable how the speed of transferring the novel discov-
eries from the laboratory to scalable production and applications has increased significantly in this
century. For example, when looking at carbon nanotubes, the manufacturing costs have constantly
been decreased over the last 30 years and today, large amounts of nanotubes are available for vari-
ous applications. Tons of nanotubes are used in manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries that are used
in every cell phone, laptop, and a large variety of other devices. Currently, we see the same trend
for graphene, yet at an even faster pace. Due to its ability of sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridization, carbon
is truly the most versatile element in the periodic table with a large variety of allotropes and struc-
tures of various dimensionality, and it is exciting to see how new carbon materials with unique
properties are discovered and explored for various applications—ranging from energy or gas stor-
age, to catalysis, water desalination, medical implants, drug delivery, electronics, and many more.
However, the world of nanomaterials is not limited to carbons. A variety of other inorganic
and organic nanomaterials are being explored and already used in many applications. Of course,
it is impossible to cover them all in a single book. CRC Press recently published the 2nd edition of
Carbon Nanomaterials, edited by Professor Volker Presser and myself, which covered a variety of
carbon nanomaterials and their applications. Extensively expanding Carbon Nanomaterials, this
book adds additional chapters on nanocarbons, but also includes chapters on ceramics, fibers, and
nanomaterials safety. I could probably call it Nanomaterials Handbook: Carbons and Beyond.
Leading experts in their respective fields authored chapters in this book to provide a “first-hand”
experience to the reader. Twenty-two chapters in the current compilation cover a range of materi-
als, their properties, and applications, from energy conversion and electronics, to mechanics, field
emission, water treatment, and biomedicine. The broad variety of topics is tailored to help graduate
students and scientists starting to work in the field to become familiar with the current topics in
carbon and some other nanomaterials.
ix