Handbook of microstrip antennas

856 Pages·1989·32.52 MB·English

by  James

electromagnetic waves series 28
Handbook of
microstrip
AntennAs
Edited by
J R James & PS Hall
Peter Peregrinus Ltd., on behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers
IEE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES SERIES 28
Series Editors: Professor P. J. B. Clarricoats
Professor Y. Rahmat-Samii
Professor J. R. Wait
Handbook of
ANTENNAS
Volume 1
Other volumes in this series:
Volume 1 Geometrical theory of diffraction for electromagnetic waves
G. L. James
Volume 2 Electromagnetic waves and curved structures L. Lewin,
D. C. Chang and E. F. Kuester
Volume 3 Microwave homodyne systems R. J. King
Volume 4 Radio direction-finding P. J. D. Gething
Volume 5 ELF communications antennas M. L. Burrows
Volume 6 Waveguide tapers, transitions and couplers F. Sporleder and
H. G. Unger
Volume 7 Reflector antenna analysis and design P. J. Wood
Volume 8 Effects of the troposphere on radio communications
M. P. M. Hall
Volume 9 Schumann resonances in the earth-ionosphere cavity
P. V. Bllokh, A. P. Nikolaenko and Y. F. Flippov
Volume 10 Aperture antennas and diffraction theory E. V. Jull
Volume 11 Adaptive array principles J. E. Hudson
Volume 12 Microstrip antenna theory and design J. R. James, P. S. Hall
and C. Wood
Volume 13 Energy in electromagnetism H. G. Booker
Volume 14 Leaky feeders and subsurface radio communications
P. Delogne
Volume 15 The handbook of antenna design, Volume 1 A. W Rudge,
K. Milne, A. D. Olver, P. Knight (Editors)
Volume 16 The handbook of antenna design, Volume 2 A. W. Rudge,
K. Milne, A. D. Olver, P. Knight (Editors)
Volume 17 Surveillance radar performance prediction P. Rohan
Volume 18 Corrugated horns for microwave antennas P. J. B. Clarricoats
and A. D. Olver
Volume 19 Microwave antenna theory and design S. Silver (Editor)
Volume 20 Advances in radar techniques J. Clarke (Editor)
Volume 21 Waveguide handbook N. Marcuvitz
Volume 22 Target adaptive matched illumination radar D. T. Gjessing
Volume 23 Ferrites at microwave frequencies A. J. Baden Fuller
Volume 24 Propagation of short radio waves D. E. Kerr (Editor)
Volume 25 Principles of microwave circuits G. G. Montgomery,
R. H. Dicke, E. M. Purcell (Editors)
Volume 26 Spherical near-field antenna measurements J. E. Hansen
(Editor)
Volume 27 Electromagnetic radiation from cylindrical structures
J. R. Wait
Volume 28 Handbook of microstrip antennas J. R. James and P. S. Hall
(Editors)
Volume 29 Satellite-to-ground radiowave propagation J. E. Allnutt
Volume 30 Radiowave propagation M. P. M. Hall and L. W Barclay
(Editors)
Volume 31 Ionospheric radio K. Davies
Handbook of
RC
ANTENNAS
Volume 1
Edited by
J R James & PS Hall
Peter Peregrinus Ltd. on behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers
Published by: Peter Peregrinus Ltd., London, United Kingdom
© 1989: Peter Peregrinus Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means-
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise—without
the prior written permission of the publisher.
While the authors and the publishers believe that the information and
guidance given in this work are correct, all parties must rely upon their
own skill and judgment when making use of them. Neither the authors nor
the publishers assume any liability to anyone for any loss or damage
caused by any error or omission in the work, whether such error or
omission is the result of negligence or any other cause. Any and all such
liability is disclaimed.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Handbook of Microstrip Antennas
1. Microwave equipment: Microstrip antennas
I. James, J. R. (James Roderick, 1933-
II. Hall, P. S. (Peter S) III. Institution of Electrical
Engineers IV. Series
621.38V33
ISBN 0 86341 150 9
Printed in England by Short Run Press Ltd., Exeter
Contents
Volume 1
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
List of contributors xxi
Introduction — J.R. James and P.S. Hall 1
1.1 Historical development and future prospects 1
1.2 Fundamental issues and design challenges 3
1.2.1 Features of microstrip antenna technology 4
1.2.2 Fundamental problems 7
1.3 The handbook and advances presented 17
1.4 Glossary of printed antenna types 24
1.5 Summary comments 40
1.6 References 40
Analysis of circular microstrip antennas — L. Shafai and A.A. Kishk 45
2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 Formulation of the problem 47
2.2.1 Matrix formulation 50
2.2.2 Excitation matrix 58
2.2.3 Radiation fields 59
2.3 Application 1: Circular patch antenna 63
2.3.1 Surface fields 67
2.3.2 Feed location 67
2.3.3 Effect of the substrate permittivity 71
2.3.4 Effect of the substrate thickness 74
2.3.5 Effect of the ground-plane radius 76
2.3.6 Effect of the ground-plane thickness 81
2.3.7 Circular polarisation 83
2.3.8 Effect of a central shorting pin 85
2.4 Application 2: Wraparound microstrip antenna 85
2.5 Application 3: Reflector antenna feeds 96
2.6 Concluding remarks 107
2.7 References 108
vi Contents
Characteristics of microstrip patch antennas and some methods of
improving frequency agility and bandwidth — K.F. Lee and
J.S. Dahele 111
3.1 Introduction 111
3.2 Cavity model for analysing microstrip patch antennas 112
3.2.1 Introduction 112
3.2.2 Feed modelling, resonant frequencies and internal
fields 113
3.2.3 Radiation field 115
3.2.4 Losses in the cavity 116
3.2.5 Input impedance 118
3.2.6 VSWR bandwidth 118
3.2.7 Qualitative description of the results predicted by
the model 119
3.3 Basic characteristics of some common patches 120
3.3.1 The rectangular patch 120
3.3.2 The circular patch 135
3.3.3 The equitriangular patch 149
3.3.4 Annular-ring patch 169
3.3.5 Comparison of characteristics of rectangular,
circular, equitriangular and annular-ring patches 178
3.3.6 Brief mention of other patches 182
3.4 Some methods of improving the frequency agility and
bandwidth of microstrip patch antennas 187
3.4.1 Introduction 187
3.4.2 Some methods of tuning MPAs 189
3.4.3 Dual-band structures 197
3.4.4 Electromagnetic-coupled patch antenna (EMCP) 207
3.5 Summary 214
3.6 Acknowledgments 214
3.7 References 214
Circular polarisation and bandwidth — M. Haneishi and Y. Suzuki 219
4.1 Various types of circularly polarised antenna 219
4.1.1 Microstrip patch antennas 220
4.1.2 Other types of circularly polarised printed antennas 222
4.2 Simple design techniques for singly-fed circularly polarised
microstrip antennas 224
4.2.1 Rectangular type 224
4.2.2 Circular type 232
4.3 More exact treatment for singly-fed circularly polarised micro-
strip antennas 235
4.3.1 Analysis 236
4.3.2 Conditions for circularly polarised radiation 241
4.3.3 Example 244
4.4 Some considerations on mutual coupling 249
4.5 Wideband techniques 253
4.5.1 Design of wideband element 253
4.5.2 Technique using parasitic element 264
4.5.3 Technique using paired element 270
4.6 References 272
Contents vii
Microstrip dipoles — P.B. Katehi, D.R. Jackson and N.G. Alexopoulis 275
5.1 Introduction 275
5.2 Infinitesimal dipole 276
5.2.1 Analysis 276
5.2.2 Substrate effects 279
5.2.3 Superstate effects 281
5.3 Moment-method techniques for planar strip geometries 282
5.3.1 Basis functions 282
5.3.2 Reaction between basis functions 284
5.3.3 Plane-wave-spectrum method 285
5.3.4 Real-space integration method 286
5.3.5 Point-dipole approximation 287
5.3.6 Moment-method equations 287
5.4 Centre-fed dipoles 287
5.4.1 Single dipole 287
5.4.2 Mutual impedance 291
5.5 EMC dipoles 295
5.5.1 Methods of analysis 295
5.5.2 Single dipole 295
5.5.3 Multiple dipoles 299
5.6 Finite array of EMC dipoles 301
5.6.1 Analysis 301
5.6.2 Calculation of coefficients 302
5.6.3 Array design 305
5.7 Conclusions 308
5.8 References 309
Multilayer and parasitic configurations — D.H. Schaubert 311
6.1 Introduction 311
6.2 Stacked elements for dual-frequency or dual polarisation
operation 312
6.2.1 Antennas with separate feeds for each function 313
6.2.2 Antennas for multiple frequencies and increased
bandwidth 320
6.3 Two-sided aperture-coupled patch 330
6.4 Parasitic elements on antenna substrate 337
6.5 Summary 350
6.6 References 350
Wideband flat dipole and short-circuit microstrip patch elements and
arrays — G. Dubost 353
7.1 Flat dipole elements and arrays 353
7.1.1 Elementary sources 353
7.1.2 Array designs: losses and efficiencies 367
7.2 Short-circuit microstrip patches and arrays 374
7.2.1 Elementary source 374
7.2.2 Array designs 378
7.3 References 391
viii Contents
Numerical analysis of microstrip patch antennas — J.R. Mosig,
R.C. Hall and F.E. Gardiol 393
8.1 Introduction 393
8.1.1 General description 393
8.1.2 The integral equation model 394
8.2 Model based on the electric surface current 395
8.2.1 Geometry of the model and boundary conditions 395
8.2.2 Potentials for the diffracted fields 397
8.2.3 Green's functions 398
8.2.4 Mixed potential integral equation (MPIE) 400
8.2.5 Sketch of the proposed technique 401
8.3 Horizontal electric dipole (HED) in microstrip 403
8.3.1 The vector potential 403
8.3.2 Scalar potential and the fields 405
8.3.3 Surface waves and spectral plane k 406
8.3.4 Far-field approximations 408
8.3.5 Radiation resistance and antenna efficiency 413
8.4 Numerical techniques for Sommerfeld integrals 417
8.4.1 Numerical integration on the real axis 417
8.4.2 Integrating oscillating functions over unbounded
intervals 420
8.5 Construction of the Green's functions 421
8.6 Method of moments 423
8.6.1 Rooftop (subsectional) — basis functions 423
8.6.2 Entire domain basis functions 429
8.7 Excitation and loading 431
8.7.1 Several microstrip-antenna excitations 431
8.7.2 Coaxial excitation and input impedance 432
8.7.3 Multiport analysis 434
8.8 Single rectangular patch antenna 436
8.8.1 Entire-domain versus subdomain basis functions 437
8.8.2 Convergence using subsectional basis functions 440
8.8.3 Surface currents 441
8.9 Microstrip arrays 443
8.9.1 Array modelling 444
8.9.2 Mutual coupling 445
8.9.3 Linear array of few patches 449
8.10 Acknowledgments 452
8.11 References 452
Multiport network approach for modelling and analysis of microstrip patch
antennas and arrays — K.C. Gupta 455
9.1 Introduction 455
9.2 Models for microstrip antennas 456
9.2.1 Transmission-line model 456
9.2.2 Cavity model 458
9.2.3 Multiport network model 462
9.3 Z-matrix characterisation of planar segments 467
9.3.1 Green's functions 467
9.3.2 Evaluation of Z-matrix from Green's functions 468
9.3.3 Z-matrices for segments of arbitrary shape 472
Contents ix
9.4 Edge-admittance and mutual-coupling networks 475
9.4.1 Edge-admittance networks 475
9.4.2 Mutual-coupling network 482
9.5 Analysis of multiport-network model 4&8
9.5.1 Segmentation method 488
9.5.2 Desegmentation method 494
9.6 Examples of microstrip antenna structures analysed by multiport-
network approach 499
9.6.1 Circularly polarised microstrip patches 499
9.6.2 Broadband multiresonator microstrip antennas 507
9.6.3 Multiport microstrip patches and series-fed arrays 509
9.7 CAD of microstrip patch antennas and arrays 517
9.8 Appendix: Green's functions for various planar configurations 519
9.9 Acknowledgments 522
9.10 References 522
10 Transmission-line model for rectangular microstrip antennas
— A. Van de Capelle 527
10.1 Introduction 529
10.2 Simple transmission-line model 529
10.2.1 Description of the transmission line model 529
10.2.2 Expressions for G and B 533
s s
10.2.3 Expressions for the line parameters 537
10.3 Improved transmission-line model 538
10.3.1 Description of the improved transmission-line model 538
10.3.2 Expression for the self-susceptance B 541
s
10.3.3 Expression for the self-conductance G 541
s
10.3.4 Expression for the mutual conductance G 544
m
10.3.5 Expression for the mutual susceptance B 548
m
10.3.6 Expressions for the line parameters 551
10.4 Application of the improved transmission-line model 553
10.4.1 Analysis and design of rectangular microstrip antennas 553
10.4.2 Comparison with other methods 555
10.4.3 Comparison with experimental results 556
10.4.4 Design application 557
10.5 Transmission-line model for mutual coupling 561
10.5.1 Description of the model 561
10.5.2 Calculation of the model parameters 570
10.5.3 Comparison with other methods 573
10.6 Acknowledgements 577
10.7 References 577
11 Design and technology of low-cost printed antennas — J.P. Daniel,
E. Penard and C. Terret 579
11.1 Introduction 579
11.2 Analysis of simple patches and slots 580
11.2.1 Rectangular and circular patches 580
11.2.2 Conical antennas 601
11.2.3 Linear and annular slots 606
11.3 Design of planar printed arrays 622
11.3.1 Design parameters 622