Handbook of Microalgal Culture: Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, Second Edition PDF
Preview Handbook of Microalgal Culture: Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, Second Edition
Handbook of Microalgal Culture Applied Phycology and Biotechnology Second Edition Edited by Amos Richmond, Ph.D., Prof. Emeritus BenGurionUniversityoftheNegevatSede-Boker,Israel TheBlaustienInstitutesforDesertResearch Qiang Hu, Ph.D. Professor,LaboratoryforAlgaeResearchandBiotechnology Co-Director,ArizonaCenterforAlgaeTechnologyandInnovation, ArizonaStateUniversity,Arizona Thiseditionfirstpublished2013(cid:2)C 2004,2013byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd Wiley-BlackwellisanimprintofJohnWiley&Sons,formedbythemergerofWiley’sglobalScientific,Technicaland MedicalbusinesswithBlackwellPublishing. Registeredoffice: JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex, PO198SQ,UK Editorialoffices: 9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UK TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UK 111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030-5774,USA Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyforpermissionto reusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. TherightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeUKCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformor byanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnamesandproduct namesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.The publisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovide accurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itissoldontheunderstandingthatthe publisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,the servicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Handbookofmicroalgalculture:appliedphycologyandbiotechnology/editedbyAmosRichmondandQiangHu.– Secondedition. pagescm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-67389-8(hardback)–ISBN978-1-118-56716-6–ISBN978-1-118-56717-3(emobi)– ISBN978-1-118-56718-0(ePdf)–ISBN978-1-118-56719-7(ePub) 1.Algaeculture–Handbooks,manuals,etc. 2.Microalgae–Biotechnology–Handbooks,manuals,etc. 3.Algology–Handbooks,manuals,etc. I.Richmond,Amos, editorofcompilation. II.Hu,Qiang,1960-editorofcompilation. SH389.H372013 579.8–dc23 2013006646 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbeavailablein electronicbooks. Coverimages:(cid:2)C AmosRichmondandQiangHu CoverdesignbySteveThompson Setin9.5/12ptTimesbyAptara(cid:2)R Inc.,NewDelhi,India 1 2013 Contents ListofContributors vi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction xiv Part1: TheMicroalgalCellwithReferencetoMassCultures 1 1 TheMicroalgalCell 3 RobertA.Andersen 2 PhotosynthesisinMicroalgae 21 Jirˇ´ıMasoj´ıdek,GiuseppeTorzillo,andMichalKobl´ızˇek 3 BasicCulturingandAnalyticalMeasurementTechniques 37 Yuan-KunLee,WeiChen,HuiShen,DanxiangHan,YantaoLi,HowlandD.T.Jones,JerilynA.Timlin, andQiangHu 4 StrategiesforBioprospectingMicroalgaeforPotentialCommercialApplications 69 WilliamBarclayandKirkApt 5 MaintenanceofMicroalgaeinCultureCollections 80 JerryJ.Brand,RobertA.Andersen,andDavidR.NoblesJr. 6 EnvironmentalStressPhysiologywithReferencetoMassCultures 90 GiuseppeTorzilloandAvigadVonshak 7 EnvironmentalEffectsonCellComposition 114 QiangHu 8 InorganicAlgalNutrition 123 JohanU.Grobbelaar 9 CommercialProductionofMicroalgaeviaFermentation 134 WilliamBarclay,KirkApt,andX.DanielDong 10 MolecularGeneticManipulationofMicroalgae:PrinciplesandApplications 146 RoshanPrakashShrestha,FarzadHaerizadeh,andMarkHildebrand Part2: MassCultivationandProcessingofMicroalgae 169 11 BiologicalPrinciplesofMassCultivationofPhotoautotrophicMicroalgae 171 AmosRichmond 12 TheoreticalAnalysisofCultureGrowthinFlat-PlateBioreactors:TheEssentialRoleofTimescales 205 Y.Zarmi,G.Bel,andC.Aflalo iii iv Contents 13 PhotobioreactorsforMassProductionofMicroalgae 225 GraziellaC.Zittelli,NatasciaBiondi,LilianaRodolfi,andMarioR.Tredici 14 DownstreamProcessingofCellMassandProducts 267 EmilioMolinaGrima,FranciscoGabrielAcie´nFerna´ndez,andAlfonsoRoblesMedina 15 FirstPrinciplesofTechno-EconomicAnalysisofAlgalMassCulture 310 C.MeghanDownesandQiangHu Part3: CommercialSpeciesofIndustrialProduction 327 16 Chlorella:IndustrialProductionofCellMassandChemicals 329 JinLiuandQiangHu 17 BiologyandIndustrialProductionofArthrospira(Spirulina) 339 AmhaBelay 18 Dunaliella:Biology,Production,andMarkets 359 MichaelA.Borowitzka 19 BiologyandIndustrialPotentialofBotryococcusbraunii 369 MakotoM.WatanabeandYuuhikoTanabe 20 BiologyandCommercialAspectsofHaematococcuspluvialis 388 DanxiangHan,YantaoLi,andQiangHu 21 NovelSulfatedPolysaccharidesofRedMicroalgae:BasicsandApplications 406 Shoshana(Malis)AradandDoritvanMoppes 22 HydrogenProductionbyChlamydomonasreinhardtii 417 GiuseppeTorzilloandMichaelSeibert 23 BiologyandBiotechnologyofEdibleNostoc 433 DanxiangHan,ZhongyangDeng,FanLu,andZhengyuHu 24 IGVGmbHExperienceReport,IndustrialProductionofMicroalgaeUnderControlledConditions: InnovativeProspects 445 O.Pulz,J.Broneske,andP.Waldeck 25 MicroalgaeforHumanandAnimalNutrition 461 E.WolfgangBecker 26 BioactiveandNovelChemicalsfromMicroalgae 504 R.CameronCoates,EmilyTrentacoste,andWilliamH.Gerwick 27 High-valueRecombinantProteinProductioninMicroalgae 532 DanielJ.BarreraandStephenP.Mayfield 28 MolecularandCellularMechanismsforLipidSynthesisandAccumulationinMicroalgae: BiotechnologicalImplications 545 YantaoLi,DanxiangHan,KangsupYoon,ShunniZhu,MiltonSommerfeld,andQiangHu 29 BiofuelsfromMicroalgae 566 MariaJ.BarbosaandRene´H.Wijffels Part4: WaterPollutionandBioremediationbyMicroalgae 579 30 EutrophicationandWaterPoisons 581 SusanBlackburn Contents v 31 WaterPurification:AlgaeinWastewaterOxidationPonds 595 AsherBrennerandAharonAbeliovich 32 AbsorptionandAdsorptionofHeavyMetalsbyMicroalgae 602 DroraKaplan Part5: MicroalgaeforAquaculture 613 33 MicroalgaeforAquaculture:TheCurrentGlobalSituationandFutureTrends 615 ArnaudMuller-Feuga 34 MicroalgaforAquaculture:PracticalImplications 628 OdedZmora,DanJ.Grosse,NingZou,andTzachiM.Samocha 35 TransgenicMarineMicroalgae:AValue-EnhancedFishmealandFishOilReplacement 653 JonathanGressel 36 MicroalgaeforAquaculture:NutritionalAspects 671 E.WolfgangBecker 37 TheEnhancementofMarineProductivityforClimateStabilizationandFoodSecurity 692 IanS.F.JonesandDanielP.Harrison Index 705 List of Contributors AharonAbeliovich† Shoshana(Malis)Arad DepartmentofBiotechnologyEngineering Professor Ben-GurionUniversityoftheNegev DepartmentofBiotechnologyEngineering Beer-Sheva84105,Israel Ben-GurionUniversityoftheNegev †Deceased Beer-Sheva84105,Israel Email:[email protected] Phone:972-8-6479069 C.Aflalo Fax:972-8-9479067 JacobBlausteinInstitutesforDesertResearch Ben-GurionUniversityoftheNegev MidreshetBen-Gurion84990,Israel MariaJ.Barbosa Email:afl[email protected] ResearchManagerMicroalgae Phone:972-86596817 FoodandBiobasedResearch Fax:972-86596802 WageningenUniversityandResearchCenter P.O.Box17,6700AAWageningen,TheNetherlands Email:[email protected] RobertA.Andersen Phone:+31(0)3174800797 SeniorResearchScientist Fax:+31(0)317483011 FridayHarborLaboratories UniversityofWashington FridayHarbor,WA98250 WilliamBarclay retired/formerChiefIntellectualPropertyOfficer DirectorEmeritus DSMNutritionalProducts–BoulderResearchCenter Provasoli-GuillardNationalCenterforMarineAlgaeand 4909NautilusCourtNorth,Suite208,Boulder, Microbes CO80301 BigelowLaboratoryforOceanSciences P.O.Box380,EastBoothbay,ME04544,USA 7356PanoramaDrive Email:[email protected] Boulder,CO80303,USA Phone:001-906-370-1886 Email:[email protected] Phone:1-303-579-5943 KirkApt ChiefResearchScientist DanielJ.Barrera DSMNutritionalProducts PhDStudent 6480DobbinRoad,Columbia,MD21045,USA UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego Email:[email protected] 9500GilmanDrive,LaJolla,CA92093-0212,USA Phone:1-410-740-0081 Email:[email protected] Fax:1-410-740-2985 Phone:858-869-3879 vi ListofContributors vii E.WolfgangBecker JerryJ.Brand MedicalClinic,DepartmentII Professor ImmunopathologicalLaboratory SectionofMolecular,Cell&DevelopmentalBiology 72076Tu¨bingen,Germany Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected] Phone:512-4711589 Phone:0049-7472-21981 Fax:512-2323402 Director G.Bel CultureCollectionofAlgae(UTEX) DepartmentofSolarEnergyandEnvironmentalPhysics UniversityofTexasatAustin JacobBlausteinInstitutesforDesertResearch 205W24thStreet,Austin,TX78712,USA Ben-GurionUniversityoftheNegev Email:[email protected] MidreshetBen-Gurion84990,Israel Phone:(512)4711589 Email:[email protected] Fax:(512)2323402 Phone:972-86596845 Fax:972-86596921 AsherBrenner Professor AmhaBelay UnitofEnvironmentalEngineering Sr.VicePresident&CTO Ben-GurionUniversityoftheNegev EarthriseNutritionalsLLC Beer-Sheva84105,Israel 2151MichelsonDrive,Suite258 Email:[email protected] Irvine,CA92612,USA Phone:972-8-6479029 Email:[email protected] Phone:1-760-427-8462 J.Broneske IGVBiotechDepartment NatasciaBiondi IGVGmbH Researcher Arthur-Scheunert-Allee40-41,14558Nuthetal,Germany DipartimentodiScienzedelleProduzioniAgroalimentari Email:[email protected] edell’Ambiente Phone:+49-33200-89151 Universita`degliStudidiFirenze Fax:+49-33200-89158 PiazzaledelleCascine24,50144Firenze,Italy Email:[email protected] WeiChen Phone:+39-055-3288480 AssociateResearchProfessor Fax:+39-055-3288272 LaboratoryforAlgaeResearchandBiotechnology CollegeofTechnologyandInnovation ArizonaStateUniversity SusanBlackburn 7001E.WilliamsFieldRoad Head,AustralianNationalAlgaeCultureCollection Mesa,AZ85212,USA CSIROMarineandAtmosphericResearch Email:[email protected] G.P.O.Box1538,Hobart,Tasmania7001,Australia Phone:+1-480-727-5663 Email:[email protected] Fax:+1-480-727-1475 Phone:+61-3-6232-5307 Fax:+61-3-6232-5000 R.CameronCoates CenterforMarineBiotechnologyandBiomedicine MichaelA.Borowitzka PhDCandidate Professor ScrippsInstitutionofOceanography AlgaeR&DCenter UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego MurdochUniversity 9500GilmanDrive,LaJolla,CA92093-0212,USA MurdochWA6150,Australia Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected] Phone:01-858-822-4366 Phone:+61-8-9360-2333 Fax:01-858-534-0576 viii ListofContributors ZhongyangDeng DanielJ.Grosse AssociateProfessor President SchoolofBiologicalEngineering TerrAquaEnvironmentalScienceandPolicy,LLC HubeiUniversityofTechnology 3754JeniferStreet,NW Wuhan,Hubei430068,China Washington,DC20015 Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected] Phone:+86-139-0591-4136 Phone:202-258-9700 Fax:202-244-4667 X.DanielDong and Sr.ResearchEngineerIV AdjunctAssociateProfessor DSMNutritionalProducts UniversityofMarylandUniversityCollege 6480DobbinRd,Columbia,MD21045 GraduatePrograminEnvironmentalManagement Email:[email protected] Adelphi,MD20873,USA Phone:1-240-512-2643 Email:[email protected] Fax:1-410-740-2985 Phone:202-258-9700 C.MeghanDownes Fax:202-244-4667 AssociateProfessor EmilioMolinaGrima Economics,InternationalBusiness,andAppliedStatistics ProfessorofChemicalEngineering Department ChemicalEngineeringDepartment NewMexicoStateUniversity UniversityofAlmer´ıa LasCruces,NM88003-8001,USA 04120Almeria,Spain Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected] Phone:575-202-5181 Phone:+34-950015032 Fax:+34-950015484 FranciscoGabrielAcie´nFerna´ndez AssociateProfessorofChemicalEngineering JohanU.Grobbelaar ChemicalEngineeringDepartment ProfessorEmeritus UniversityofAlmer´ıa DepartmentofPlantSciences 04120Almeria,Spain UniversityoftheFreeState Email:[email protected] Bloemfontein9300,SouthAfrica Phone:+34-950015443 Email:[email protected] Fax:+34-950015484 Phone:+27-51-4012263 WilliamH.Gerwick FarzadHaerizadeh DistinguishedProfessor MetabolicSystemsLead CenterforMarineBiotechnologyandBiomedicine SyntheticBiologyR&D ScrippsInstitutionofOceanography LifeTechnologiesCorporation SkaggsSchoolofPharmacyandPharmaceuticalSciences 5791VanAllenWay UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego Carlsbad,CA92008,USA 9500GilmanDrive,LaJolla,CA92093-0212,USA Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected] Phone:760-476-6156 Phone:01-858-534-0578 DanxiangHan Fax:01-858-534-0576 AssistantResearchProfessor JonathanGressel LaboratoryforAlgaeResearchandBiotechnology ProfessorEmeritus CollegeofTechnologyandInnovation DepartmentofPlantSciences ArizonaStateUniversity WeizmannInstituteofScience 7001E.WilliamsFieldRoad Rehovot76100,Israel Mesa,AZ85212,USA Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected] Phone:+972-8-9343481 Phone:+1-480-727-5661 Fax:+972-8-9344181 Fax:+1-480-727-1475 ListofContributors ix DanielP.Harrison DroraKaplan ResearchEngineer ProfessorEmeritus,DepartmentofEnvironmental OceanNourishmentFoundation HydrologyandMicrobiology P.O.Box363,Glebe2037NSW,Australia ZuckerbergInstituteforWaterResearch Email:[email protected] JacobBlausteinInstitutesforDesertResearch Phone:+61-409-398-901 Ben-GurionUniversityoftheNegev SedeBoqerCampus,MidreshetBen-Gurion84990,Israel MarkHildebrand Email:[email protected] ResearchScientist Phone:972-8-6596835 ScrippsInstitutionofOceanography Fax:972-8-6596909 UniversityofCalifornia SanDiego,CA92037,USA MichalKobl´ızˇek Email:[email protected] SeniorScientist Phone:858-822-0167 DepartmentofPhototrophicMicroorganisms Fax:858-534-7313 InstituteofMicrobiology AcademyofSciences QiangHu Opatovicky´ mly´n,CZ-37981Tˇrebonˇ,CzechRepublic ProfessorandCo-Director Email:[email protected] LaboratoryforAlgaeResearchandBiotechnology Phone:+420-384-340432; CollegeofTechnologyandInnovation Fax:+420-384-340415 ArizonaStateUniversity 7001E.WilliamsFieldRoad Yuan-KunLee Mesa,AZ85212,USA AssociateProfessor Email:[email protected] DepartmentofMicrobiology Phone:+1-480-727-1784 YongLooLinSchoolofMedicine Fax:+1-480-727-1475 NationalUniversityofSingapore ZhengyuHu BlockMD4,5ScienceDrive2,Singapore117597 Professor Email:[email protected] InstituteofHydrobiology Phone:+65-65163284 ChineseAcademyofSciences Fax:+65-67766872 7SouthDonghuRoad,Wuhan,Hubei430072,China YantaoLi Email:[email protected] AssistantResearchProfessor Phone:+86-138-0864-8218 LaboratoryforAlgaeResearchandBiotechnology Fax:+86-27-6878-0016 CollegeofTechnologyandInnovation HowlandD.T.Jones ArizonaStateUniversity SeniorScientistBiosciences 7001E.WilliamsFieldRoad SandiaNationalLaboratories Mesa,AZ85212,USA P.O.Box5800 Email:[email protected] Albuquerque,NM87185,USA Phone:+1-480-727-5662 Email:[email protected] Fax:+1-480-727-1475 Phone:+1-505-284-1842 JinLiu Fax:+1-505-284-3775 FacultyResearchAssociate IanS.F.Jones LaboratoryforAlgaeResearchandBiotechnology Professor CollegeofTechnologyandInnovation OceanTechnologyGroup ArizonaStateUniversity SchoolofGeosciences 7001E.WilliamsFieldRoad UniversityofSydney Mesa,AZ85212,USA MadsenBuildingF09,2006NSW,Australia Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected] Phone:+1-480-727-1410 Phone:+61-2-9351-4585 Fax:+1-480-727-1475 x ListofContributors FanLu ArnaudMuller-Feuga Professor Chairman SchoolofBiologicalEngineering Microphyt HubeiUniversityofTechnology 713,RoutedeMudaison Wuhan,Hubei430068,China 34670Biallargues–France Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected] Phone:+86-189-6173-3533 Phone:+33614796892 DavidR.NoblesJr. Jirˇ´ıMasoj´ıdek Curator SeniorScientist,AssociateProfessor CultureCollectionofAlgae(UTEX) DepartmentofPhototrophicMicroorganisms UniversityofTexas InstituteofMicrobiology 205W24thStreet,Austin,TX78712,USA AcademyofSciences Email:[email protected] Opatovicky´ mly´n,CZ-37981Tˇrebonˇ,CzechRepublic Phone:512-4714019 UniversityofSouthBohemia Fax:5124710354 FacultyofScience Branisˇovska´31,CZ-37005Cˇeske´Budeˇjovice,Czech AmosRichmond Republic ProfessorEmeritus Email:[email protected] BlaustienInstitutesforDesertResearch Phone:+420-384-340460 Ben-GurionUniversityoftheNegev Fax:+420-384-340415 Sede-Boker,Israel Email:[email protected] StephenP.Mayfield Phone:0526379666 ProfessorandDirector Fax:086596742 SanDiegoCenterforAlgaeBiotechnology LilianaRodolfi JohnDoveIsaacsChairofNaturalPhilosophy Researcher DivisionofBiologicalSciences DipartimentodiScienzedelleProduzioniAgroalimentari UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego edell’Ambiente 2150CBonnerHall,MC:0368 Universita`degliStudidiFirenze 9500GilmanDr.,LaJolla,CA92093-0368,USA PiazzaledelleCascine24,50144Firenze,Italy Email:smayfi[email protected] Email:liliana.rodolfi@unifi.it Phone:858822-7743 Phone:+39-055-3288304 Fax:+39-055-3288272 AlfonsoRoblesMedina ProfessorofChemicalEngineering TzachiM.Samocha ChemicalEngineeringDepartment RegentsFellowandProfessor UniversityofAlmer´ıa AgriLifeResearchMaricultureLaboratory 04120Almeria,Spain 4301WaldronRoad,CorpusChristi,TX78418,USA Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected];[email protected] Phone:+34-950015065 Phones:361-937-2268;361-937-4220;361-939-7402 Fax:+34-950015484 eFax:253-390-6081 Fax:361-937-6470 DoritvanMoppes MichaelSeibert Researchassistant ProfessorEmeritus DepartmentofBiotechnologyEngineering DepartmentofChemistryandGeochemistry Ben-GurionUniversityoftheNegev ColoradoSchoolofMines Beer-Sheva84105,Israel Golden,CO80401,USA Email:[email protected] Email:[email protected] Phone:972-8-6479069 Phone:1-303-384-6279 Fax:972-8-9479067 Fax:1-303-384-7836
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