Handbook of Medical Imaging, Volume 1. (Parts 1 and 2) Physics and Psychophysics )

965 Pages·2009·20.797 MB·English

by  Richard L. Van Metter, Jacob Beutel, Harold L. Kundel

Editorial Board
Jacob Beutel
Consultant
J. Michael Fitzpatrick
Vanderbilt University
Steven C. Horii
University of Pennsylvania Health Systems
Yongmin Kim
University of Washington
Harold L. Kundel
University of Pennsylvania Health Systems
Milan Sonka
University of Iowa
Richard L. Van Metter
Eastman Kodak Company
The cover ustraton shows vews of a knee obtaned after trauma n whch the
conventona x-ray mages show ony mnma abnorma ty of the bone wh e
the MRI shows more extensve njury to the bone and gaments. See Chapter
12, p. 671, Effects of Anatomca Structure on Sgna Detecton, Ehsan Same,
W am Eyer and Lsa Baron.
PRESS
Bellingham, Washington USA
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Handbook of medical imaging / [edited by] Jacob Beutel, Harold L. Kundel,
and Richard L. Van Metter
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: v. 1. Progress in medical physics and psychophysics.
ISBN 978-0-8194-3621-6 (hardcover: alk. paper)
1. Diagnostic imaging—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Imaging systems in
medicine—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Beutel, Jacob. II. Kundel, Harold L.
III. Van Metter, Richard L.
[DNLM: 1. Diagnostic Imaging—Handbooks. 2. Health Physics—Handbooks.
3. Image Processing, Computer-Assisted—Handbooks. 4. Psychophysics—
Handbooks. 5. Technology, Radiologic—Handbooks. WN 39 H2363 2000]
RC78.7.D53 H36 2000
616.07'54—dc21 99-054487
CIP

Vol. 1 ISBN 978-0-8194-7772-9 (Softcover)
Physics and Psychophysics, edited by Richard L. Van Metter, Jacob Beutel, and Harold L. Kundel.

Published by

SPIE
P.O. Box 10
Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [email protected]
Web: http://spie.org

Copyright © 2000 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed
in any form or by any means without written permission of the publisher.

The content of this book reflects the thought of the authors. Every effort has been
made to publish reliable and accurate information herein, but the publisher is not
responsible for the validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting from
reliance thereon.

Printed in the United States of America.
Contents
Preface / xi
PARTI. PHYSICS
Introduction / xv
Chapter1. X-rayProduction,Interaction,andDetectioninDiagnostic
Imaging / 1
JohnM.Boone
1.1 X-rayproduction / 3
1.2 X-rayinteractions / 17
1.3 X-rayspectra / 40
1.4 X-raydosimetry / 58
1.5 X-raydetection / 64
References / 77
Chapter2. AppliedLinear-SystemsTheory / 79
IanA.Cunningham
2.1 Introduction / 82
2.2 Backgroundconcepts / 83
2.3 Introductiontolinear-systemstheory / 91
2.4 Thespatial-frequencydomain / 100
2.5 Stochasticprocessesinlinearsystems / 108
2.6 Metricsofsystemperformance / 115
2.7 Noisetransferincascadedimagingsystems / 126
2.8 CascadedDQEandquantumsinks / 131
2.9 Metricsofdigital-systemperformance / 137
2.10 Analysisofasimpledigitaldetectorarray / 145
2.11 Summary / 155
References / 156
v
vi Contents
Chapter3. ImageQualityMetricsforDigitalSystems / 161
JamesT.Dobbins,III
3.1 Introduction / 163
3.2 Globalparameterassessment / 163
3.3 Spatial-frequencyassessment / 178
3.4 Image-processingassessment / 203
3.5 Observerassessment / 211
References / 219
Chapter4. FlatPanelDetectorsforDigitalRadiography / 223
JohnA.RowlandsandJohnYorkston
4.1 Introduction / 225
4.2 X-raydetectionmedia / 234
4.3 Flat-panelarraytechnology / 253
4.4 Configurationandoperationofaflat-panelx-rayimager / 276
4.5 Methodsofevaluatingperformance / 286
4.6 Clinicalapplicationsofcompletesystems / 300
4.7 Futureprospects / 312
References / 313
Chapter5. DigitalMammography / 329
MartinJ.Yaffe
5.1 Introduction / 331
5.2 Digitalmammography / 336
5.3 X-raydetectorsfordigitalmammography / 345
5.4 Displayofdigitalmammograms / 359
5.5 Clinicalstatusofdigitalmammography / 362
5.6 Applicationsofdigitalmammography / 362
5.7 Telemammography / 363
5.8 Tomosynthesis / 365
5.9 Quantitativeimageanalysis:Riskassessment / 365
5.10 Dual-energymammography / 366
5.11 Contrast-uptakeimagingofthebreast / 366
5.12 Conclusion / 366
References / 367
Chapter6. MagneticResonanceImaging / 373
DavidPickens
6.1 Introduction / 375
6.2 Basicprinciples / 376
6.3 Magneticresonanceimaging / 388
6.4 Commonartifacts / 419
6.5 Hardwareandsoftwarecomponents / 427
Contents vii
6.6 Currenttechniquesandareasofresearch / 440
6.7 Conclusions:Whatdoesthefuturehold? / 457
References / 458
Chapter7. Three-DimensionalUltrasoundImaging / 463
AaronFenster,DonalB.Downey
7.1 Introduction / 465
7.2 Limitationsofultrasonographyaddressedby3Dimaging / 466
7.3 Three-dimensionalultrasoundscanningtechniques / 467
7.4 Reconstructionofthe3Dultrasoundimages / 481
7.5 Effectsoferrorsin3Dultrasoundimagereconstruction / 483
7.6 Viewingof3Dultrasoundimages / 487
7.7 Three-dimensionalultrasoundsystemperformance / 491
7.8 Trendsandfuturedevelopments / 498
7.9 Conclusions / 501
References / 501
Chapter8. TomographicImaging / 511
DavidJ.Goodenough
8.1 Introduction / 512
8.2 OverviewofCTasanimagedevice / 512
8.3 Scannerdesign / 513
8.4 Reconstructiontechniques / 523
8.5 CTimagequality / 527
8.6 OtherartifactsinCT / 537
8.7 MultisliceCT / 537
8.8 CTscannerperformance / 543
8.9 Developmentsinothermodalities / 550
8.10 Conclusions / 552
References / 552
PARTII. PSYCHOPHYSICS
Introduction / 557
Chapter9. IdealObserverModelsofVisualSignalDetection / 559
KyleJ.Myers
9.1 Introduction / 561
9.2 TheBayesianoridealobserver / 568
9.3 Calculationofideal-observerperformance:examples / 572
9.4 Comparisonwithhumanperformance / 582
9.5 Estimationofidealobserverperformancefromfinitesamples / 585
viii Contents
9.6 Estimationtasks / 585
9.7 Closingremarks / 586
References / 587
Chapter10. APracticalGuidetoModelObserversforVisualDetectionin
SyntheticandNaturalNoisyImages / 593
MiguelP.Eckstein,CraigK.AbbeyandFrançoisO.Bochud
10.1 Introduction / 595
10.2 Keycomponentsfortheuseofmodelobservers / 596
10.3 Visualtasksformodelobservers / 596
10.4 Signalsandbackgrounds / 598
10.5 Modelobservers / 602
10.6 Calculationoffiguresofmerit / 614
10.7 Comparingmodeltohumanperformance / 620
10.8 Concludingremarks / 622
References / 623
Chapter11. ModelingVisualDetectionTasksinCorrelatedImageNoise
withLinearModelObservers / 629
CraigK.Abbey,FrançoisO.Bochud
11.1 Introduction / 630
11.2 Mathematicalpreliminaries / 631
11.3 Modelingsignal-detectiontasks / 635
11.4 Linearmodelobservers / 643
11.5 Summary / 650
References / 651
Chapter12. EffectsofAnatomicalStructureonSignalDetection / 655
EhsanSamei,WilliamEyler,LisaBaron
12.1 Introduction / 656
12.2 Anatomicalstructureasnoise / 656
12.3 Perceptualeffectsofanatomicalstructure / 660
12.4 Effectsofanatomicalstructureinselectedclinicalapplications / 666
12.5 Methodsforreducingtheeffectsofanatomicalstructure / 673
12.6 Conclusions / 677
References / 678
Chapter13. SynthesizingAnatomicalImagesforImage
Understanding / 683
JannickP.Rolland
13.1 Introduction / 685
13.2 Computer-simulatedangiograms / 686
13.3 Synthesizinglumpybackgrounds / 694
Contents ix
13.4 Modelingliverscans / 701
13.5 SynthesizingultrasoundB-scanimages / 706
13.6 Texturesynthesis / 710
13.7 Conclusionandfuturework / 715
References / 717
Chapter14. QuantitativeImageQualityStudiesandtheDesignofX-Ray
FluoroscopySystems / 721
DavidL.Wilson,KadriN.Jabri,RavindraM.Manjeshwar
14.1 Introduction / 723
14.2 Modeling / 725
14.3 Methods / 728
14.4 Resultsanddiscussion / 733
14.5 Implicationsforx-raysystemdesign / 741
14.6 Conclusions / 745
References / 745
Chapter15. FundamentalROCAnalysis / 751
CharlesE.Metz
15.1 Introduction / 752
15.2 TheROCcurveasadescriptionofdiagnosticaccuracy / 752
15.3 Independentvariablesandsourcesofbias / 753
15.4 ROCindices / 753
15.5 Confidence-ratingscales / 754
15.6 Otherissuesinexperimentaldesign / 755
15.7 Commentsonforced-choicemethodology / 759
15.8 ROCcurvefitting / 761
15.9 StatisticaltestsfordifferencesbetweenROCestimates / 762
15.10 Ordinalregressiontechniques / 763
15.11 Anoverview / 764
References / 764
Chapter16. TheFROC,AFROCandDROCVariantsoftheROC
Analysis / 771
DevP.Chakraborty
16.1 FROCmethodology / 772
16.2 DROCmethodology / 789
References / 793
Chapter17. AgreementandAccuracyMixtureDistributionAnalysis / 797
MarciaPolansky
17.1 Introduction / 798
17.2 KappacoefficientandAicken’sAlpha / 801
x Contents
17.3 Othermodelsforagreement / 811
17.4 Mixturedistributionsofbinomials / 816
17.5 Summary / 832
References / 833
Chapter18. VisualSearchinMedicalImages / 837
HaroldL.Kundel
18.1 Introduction / 838
18.2 Theorganizationofthevisualsystem / 839
18.3 Visualscanningasamethodforstudyingvisualsearch / 847
18.4 Currentproblemsinvisualsearch / 852
References / 855
Chapter19. TheNatureofExpertiseinRadiology / 859
CalvinF.Nodine,ClaudiaMello-Thoms
19.1 Introduction / 860
19.2 Planofthechapter / 861
19.3 Expertiseroots / 862
19.4 Expertise,acquiredorinnate? / 863
19.5 Whatislearnedfromreadingmedicalimages? / 867
19.6 Connectionism—anotherapproachtoinformationprocessing / 881
19.7 Conclusions / 889
References / 891
Chapter20. PracticalApplicationsofPerceptualResearch / 895
ElizabethA.Krupinski
20.1 Introduction / 896
20.2 Bridgingthegapbetweenresearchandclinicalpractice / 896
20.3 Imagedisplayandworkstationdesign / 899
20.4 Prompting/cueingtoimprovediagnosticperformance / 912
20.5 Colorapplicationsinradiology / 917
20.6 Conclusions / 918
References / 920
Index / 931