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Sabu Thomas Amirsadegh Rezazadeh Nochehdehi Editors Handbook of Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys and their Nanocomposites Handbook of Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys and their Nanocomposites (cid:129) Sabu Thomas Amirsadegh Rezazadeh Nochehdehi Editors Handbook of Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys and their Nanocomposites With432Figuresand74Tables Editors SabuThomas AmirsadeghRezazadehNochehdehi UNISABiomedicalEngineeringResearch UNISABiomedicalEngineeringResearch Group Group MahatmaGandhiUniversity DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering Kottayam,Kerala,India CollegeofScience,EngineeringandTechnology UNISAFloridaScienceCampus UniversityofSouthAfrica Johannesburg,SouthAfrica ISBN978-3-030-90947-5 ISBN978-3-030-90948-2(eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90948-2 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsorthe editorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrors oromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaims inpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Studies on magnetic nanoalloys are one of the most exciting research areas in modern science and technology. These nanoalloys are the stiffest and strongest nanomaterialsknown,withremarkableelectronic,mechanical,chemical,electrical, thermal, and biocompatible properties, and also have potential multifunctional applications in a wide range of fields from industry to medicine. Polymers can serve as an ideal matrix to develop multifunctional nanocomposites. Moreover in the past few years, tremendous advances have been witnessed in the experimental andtheoreticalstudiesonvariouspropertiesofmagneticnanoalloys.Althoughthere isextensiveliteratureonvariousadvancedapplicationsofironandcobaltmagnetic nanoparticles that have already been published in peer-reviewed journals and con- ference proceedings, till date no systematic scientific reference book has been published specifically in the area of iron- and cobalt-based magnetic nanoalloys. This provides a great opportunity for the future of developing new nanomaterials that can be used in numerous fields such as biomedical areas, environmental remediation, andeveninagriculture fields. Thegrowing interest among academics andindustrialresearchersinthefieldofmaterialscienceandpolymertechnologyis the driving force for the presentation of this edited book. Indeed, our book is a cutting-edge multidisciplinary reference specifically focused on magnetic nanoalloys, their nanocomposites, and related aspects. In summary, this book makes an attempt to provide anin-depthstudy of thestate oftheart of magneticnanoalloys, polymernanocomposites,andtheirapplications. We, Senior Editors, have been working in the field of nanomaterials and nano- compositesforthepastfewdecades.Wehaveverysuccessfullyconductedresearch projects, presented papers in various conferences, contributed papers in peer- reviewedjournals,andconductedinternationalconferencesinthefieldofnanoalloys and their nanocomposites and application field. We have a wide range of contacts with major researchers and industrialists in this field. The nature of this technical book may serve as a very useful reference book or textbook to a broad range of scientists,industrialpractitioners,undergraduates,graduatesandpostgraduateengi- neers, research scholars, and (primarily in the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology,materialsscienceandengineering,surfacescience,bioengineering,polymer chemistry,polymerphysics,andchemicalengineering)otherprofessionals,including polymer engineers and technologists as well as chemistry engineers and v vi Preface pharmacistsfromindustries.Itishopedthattheproposedbookwillbehighlydesired by leading professionals, researchers from industries, academics, and government and private research institutions across the globe who contributed to this book. Almost all the analytical techniques are discussed in the book, and without exag- geration, it will be a first-rate reference for professors, students, industrialists, and scientists.Thisbookwillassistthemtosolvefundamentalandappliedproblemsin the synthesis procedure of magnetic nanoalloys and their polymer and ceramic nanocomposites. The book also covers comprehensive characterization and applications. Hereupon, we proposed to bring out a reference book that deals with various fascinating attributes of nanomaterials, their composites with different polymeric materials (both natural and synthetic), and their potential, advanced, and multifunctional applications. As the title indicates, this book aims for a fairly compre- hensivereviewoftherecentaccomplishmentsintheareaofiron-andcobalt-based magneticnanoalloys andtheirnanocomposites. Inorder togeta clearcuttingedge idea about synthesis procedure, properties and characterization techniques, multi- functionalapplicationsofiron-andcobalt-basednanocomposites(ICBMN);inthis book,wetookacloserandaccuratelookatthescientificliteraturepublishedsofar. Weincludedalltherecentadvancementsintheareaofthisfascinatingnanomaterial. Thisisthefirsttimesuchacomprehensiveanalysisofvariouspotentialapplications ofIBMNhasbeenundertakentounderstandtheinteractionsinpolymerandceramic nanocomposites.Inthiscontext,theproposedbookdiffersfromthetitlesmentioned inothersourcesinthemarket.Itisuniqueinthisaspect,andwearefullydedicated to covering a wide range of ICBMN functional applications from industry to medicine. The fundamentals and fascinating attributes of nanoparticles led us to compilethisbookintwovolumesand43chaptersincludingtheory,principles,and fundamentals of synthesis, modeling and characterization techniques, multi- functionalapplicationsandenvironmentalrisks. Volume1coversmagnetichybridnanoalloys’(MHNAs)synthesisandmodeling techniques in 16 chapters. It is focused on reviewing the various methods of synthesis, growth, and alloying mechanisms of metallic nanoalloys that shows very high magnetic saturationamong theexisting materials; including iron, cobalt, nickel, chrome, manganese elements based nanoalloys and their polymer/ceramic nanocomposites. We also discussed the formation mechanism of magnetoelectric multiferroic materials, magnetic carbon nanotube (CNTs) and perovskite materials that are novel class and next generations of the multifunctional nanomaterials. It displays simultaneous magnetic spin, electric dipole, and ferroelasticordering, and havedrawnincreasinginterestduetotheirmultifunctionalityforavarietyofdevice applications. In addition, it covers the synthesis mechanisms of polymer nanocomposites. The volume discusses various chemical, physical, and biological synthesis procedures of magnetic hybrid nanoalloys. Colloidal route, sol-gel, precipitation, polyol, physical, mechanical procedures, vapor and thermal deposi- tion,atombeamsputtering,laserablation,vacuumdeposition,ballmilling,meltand direct mixing are discussed initially. Green synthesis protocols including microor- ganisms, plant extracts, and enzymes, DNA, membranes, proteins, and ferritin Preface vii mechanisms are also covered. Full chapters have been devoted to the theory of modeling and simulation aspects of nanotechnology, nanomedicine, and magnetic propertiesofmaterialsatnanoscale,whichcoverstheearlystagesofdevelopmentof MHNAs.Computationalandnumericalmodelinghasalsobeendiscussedindetail. Volume 2 covers novel characterization techniques and fascinating applications of MHNAs in 27 chapters. It focuses on various innovative characterization techniques of magnetic hybrid nanoalloys. Morphological, rheological, mechanical, viscoelastic, thermal, electrical, and electromagnetic shielding properties are discussed in detail. The text reviews various classes of characterization techniques suchaslightandelectronmicroscopy,x-rayscattering,neutronandlightscattering, vibrating sample magnetometer techniques, as well as spectroscopic, rheological, XPS,SIMS,andNANoSIMScharacterizations.Moreover,itprovides anin-depth coverageonthermalanalysis,contactanglestudies,electricalanddielectriccharac- terization,ageingmechanisms,biocompatibilitystudies,anddiffusionandtransport studies of MHNAs. The volume is devoted to introducing various potential applications of MHNAs concentrating on four main application fields, including indus- trial, agricultural, environmental, and medicinal and biological. The text describes everyapplicationofMHNAs,forexample,mechanicalapplications,energyconver- sion and storage applications, fuel cells and water splitting, solar cells and photo- voltaics, sensing applications, nanofluidics, nanoelectronic and microelectronic devices, nanooptics, nanophotonics and nano-optoelectronics, nonlinear optical applications, piezoelectric applications, agriculture applications, biomedical applications,thermal materials,environmental remediationapplications, aswellas anti- microbial,antibacterial,andothermiscellaneousandmultifunctionalapplicationsof MHNAs. In the recent decades; nanoproducts, in particular magnetic hybrid nanoalloys, have significantly developed. Because of that, it is vital to determine the environmentalrisksandlifecycleofthenanomaterials.Ultimately,thebookpursues a significant amount of work on life cycle assessment of MHNAs and toxicity aspects. Wearedelightedtoinviteyoutoreadthisreferencebook,andpleasedtoappeal to you for sharing the valuable scientific and technical constructive criticism. We wouldabsolutelylovetohearfromyouforfuturecollaborations. Kottayam,India SabuThomas Johannesburg,SouthAfrica AmirsadeghRezazadehNochehdehi October2022 Contents Volume 1 PartI Theory,Modeling,andSynthesis ...................... 1 1 NanotechnologyandMedicalApplications ................... 3 MohammadIrani,ParvanehGhaderi-ShekhiAbadi,LeilaRoshanfekr Rad,andMahsaEbizadeh 2 SynthesisofIron-CobaltNanoalloys(ICNAs)andTheirMetallic Composites ........................................... 39 MythiliNarayanan,VijayasriGunasekaran,GurusamyRajagopal,and JegathalaprathabanRajesh 3 SynthesisofCore-ShellMagneticNanoparticles .............. 65 SibelBüyüktiryaki,RüstemKeçili,EbruBirlikÖzkütük,ArzuErsöz, andRıdvanSay 4 SynthesisofCobalt-BasedMagneticNanocomposites .......... 107 GinenaBildardShombe,ShesanJohnOwonubi,NyemagaMasanje Malima,andNeerishRevaprasadu 5 SynthesisofCobaltandItsMetallicMagnetic Nanoparticles ......................................... 137 NguyenVietLong,NguyenThiNhatHang,YongYang,and MasayukiNogami 6 SynthesisofMn-BasedRare-Earth-FreePermanent Nanomagnets .......................................... 173 YohannesW.GetahunandAhmedA.El-Gendy 7 SynthesisofMagnetoelectricMultiferroicsand ItsComposites ......................................... 203 D.Navadeepthy,G.Srividhya,andN.Ponpandian ix x Contents 8 SynthesisofMagneticCarbonNanotubesand TheirComposites ...................................... 233 NyemagaMasanjeMalima,ShesanJohnOwonubi,GinenaBildard Shombe,andNeerishRevaprasadu 9 ChiralMagneticNanocompositeParticles:Preparationand ChiralApplications ..................................... 273 PengpengLiandJianpingDeng 10 ManufacturingTechniquesofMagneticPolymer Nanocomposites ........................................ 303 ElifEsraAltuner,MuhammedBekmezci,andFatihSen 11 Vacuum-BasedDepositionTechniquestoSynthesize MagnetoelectricMultiferroicMaterials ..................... 319 ArpanaAgrawal 12 AdvancedProgressinMagnetoelectricMultiferroic Composites ........................................... 351 EssiaHannachiandYassineSlimani 13 SurfaceModificationofMagneticHybridNanoalloys .......... 387 BijaideepDutta,K.C.Barick,andP.A.Hassan 14 Theory,Modeling,andSimulationofMagneticHybrid Nanoalloys ............................................ 405 RimmySingh 15 AnalyticalApproachesofMagneticHybridNanoparticlesUsing NumericalModellingandSimulationTools .................. 419 NikolaosManiotisandKonstantinosSimeonidis 16 ComputationalTechniquesforNanostructuredMaterials ....... 459 RiyajulIslam,KrishnaPriyaHazarika,andJ.P.Borah Volume 2 PartII CharacterizationTechniquesandApplications .......... 481 17 IntroductionofVibratingSampleMagnetometerforMagnetic Characterization ....................................... 483 VineetaShukla 18 CharacterizationofIronOxideandDopedIron-Oxide NanocompositesforPhotocatalyticDegradationofOrganic Compounds ........................................... 507 I.KhanandAhmadS.Ali Contents xi 19 OpticalPropertiesofMagneticNanoalloysand Nanocomposites ........................................ 547 T.SujinJebaKumarandMuthuArumugam 20 ElectronMicroscopyofMagneticNanoparticles .............. 575 AhmedAliyuandChandanSrivastava 21 ScanningTransmissionElectronMicroscopyofMagnetic NanoalloysandTheirNanocomposites ...................... 593 LoukyaBoddapatiandFrancisLeonardDeepak 22 SpectroscopicTechniquesforMultiferroicMaterials ........... 629 ArpanaAgrawalandTanveerAhmadDar 23 RheologicalCharacterizationTools:AReview ............... 659 PragneshN.DaveandEktaKhosla 24 ThermalAnalysisofMagneticHybridNanoalloysandTheir Nanocomposites ........................................ 679 DebasritaBharatiya,BiswajitParhi,andSaratKumarSwain 25 ThermalBehaviorofMagneticNanofluidWithinan Enclosure ............................................. 699 M.Sheikholeslami,ElhamAbohamzeh,andAhmadShafee 26 ContactAngleStudiesonFunctionalSurfacesContaining MagneticParticles ...................................... 733 NursevErdoganandSalihOzbay 27 ContactAngleStudiesofHydrophobicand HydrophilicSurfaces .................................... 761 MohammedDanish 28 ElectricalandDielectricProperties:Nanomaterials ............ 783 VijayasriGunasekaran,MythiliNarayanan,GurusamyRajagopal,and JegathalaprathabanRajesh 29 DiffusionandTransportStudies ........................... 801 ElifEsraAltuner,MuhammedBekmezci,andFatihSen 30 OxidationBehaviorofMagneticHybridNanoalloys ........... 819 MarjanNouri 31 BiologicalCharacterizationofMagnetic HybridNanoalloys ..................................... 861 MuhammedBekmezci,ElifEsraAltuner,andFatihSen 32 Magnetite–Graphene-BasedCompositesandTheirPotential ApplicationasSupercapacitorElectrodeMaterial ............. 879 BhaskarJ.ChoudhuryandVijayanandS.Moholkar